1.  Course is open for evaluations.  All lectures available online for review  Review session, pre exam: May 12, 6:00 pm, Maxwell Dworkin, G125  Final exam: May 15 (Sat), 2pm  A-14: Emerson 104.  E1851 area students: Emerson 305 Wrapping up

2. Final Exam  1. Structure  I. Identification or matching of terms, events, people  II. Identify and contextualize excerpts from source readings:  Who produced it? Why?  For what audience? What do we learn of producer, of audience?  What are the limits to what it tells us?  III. Combination of medium and long answers (essays)  2. Coverage primarily modern, but about 1/4-1/3 premodern  Studying as a way to put together your understanding - more important than exam itself?!

3. Economy: Japan’s “Lost Decade” and lessons for America The bubble bursts: 1991-->

4. Economy, 2003-2008 Relatively strong GDP growth: 2003-2007 annual growth averages over 2% Unemployment falls under 4% Exports rise Especially to China

5. Explaining Japan’s “Lost Decade” (ver. 1) 1. Systemic crisis: the bankrupt transwar system A system that once worked, -developmental state -interfirm networks as dynamic -long-term labor commitments Stopped working -rigid state role -ineffective finance system -inflexible corporate organization Until systemic reform took place and took root

6. Explaining Japan’s “Lost Decade” (ver. 2) 2. Policy failures drag down a gradually changing but still-viable system Slow response to financial crisis Tax increase choked off recovery in ‘98 Eventually, through trial and error, got it right, (aided by “divine wind” of Chinese economy surge)

7. Lost decade lessons for America? Robert Feldman, Morgan Stanley Research report, 11/27/2008

8. Relation of recent past to longer modern history  Political  From ideological politics of transwar era (ca. 1930s-1980s)  “Back” to two parties, slightly different, working to stabilize capitalist system (rather than remake it)  Social  From postwar era of “attainable dream” of middle class life (always with some anxiety)  “Back” to era of widened, sharper social divisions of winners, losers, new poor, new rich

9. Relation of recent past to longer modern history  Economic  From transwar era of high growth (1930s, 1950s- 80s), “world model”  To an “ordinary” advanced economy  Geopolitical  Long “postwar” (to the present) as subordinate ally under American hegemony (and tensions around this  Long “modern” dilemma, find place between Asia and the West

10. Japan in Asian and global contexts  In context of Asia:  Early migration from and contacts with continent  Borrowing from China  Importance of trade during medieval age  In context of world:  Arms length, but not “closed,” Tokugawa era  Japan as participant in a global modernity  Political ideas and practices: democracy, empire  “modern life”: good wives, wise mothers; salarymen; modern girls and boys

11. Connecting past to present  History as evolution forward  Buddhist institutions and world views  Tokugawa economic development as base of Meiji capitalism  Understandings of constitutional government: Chiba to Yoshino to Kita  Prewar and wartime industrial policy as platform for postwar  History as “storehouse” (inventing tradition)  Tokugawa Ieyasu as a “sage” king  The 20 th c. creation of warrior ideal (bushidō)  Justifying Western dress with Nara era practice  A hybrid monarchy: Heian, Prussian, Victorian, and even Hollywood elements