1. Morphology I. Basic concepts and terms Derivational processes
Inflection
Problems in morphological description
Interaction between morphology and phonology
Collocations

2. Basic Concepts and Terms
Morphology: the study of forms
Morpheme: the smallest meaningful units of language
A. Free morpheme: can occur by itself
lexical morpheme: It’s possible to add new words
functional morpheme: New words are rarely added
B. Bound morpheme: must attach to free morpheme
derivational morpheme: capable of making new words
inflectional morpheme: indicates the grammatical aspect
Stem (root, base) e.g. teach
Affix
Prefix e.g. unhappy
Infix e.g. Absogoddamlutely
Suffix e.g. happiness

3. Free Morpheme
Definition: can occur by itself, not attached to other morphemes
Examples: girl, teach, book, class, etc.
Two kinds
A. lexical morpheme (open class)
1. definition: has lexical meaning; new examples can be freely added
2. examples: N, Verb, Adj, Adv (content words)
B. functional morpheme (closed class)
1. definition: new examples are rarely added (but not impossible to add)
2. examples: Pro, Prep, Conj, Art. (function words)

4. Bound Morpheme I. Derivational morpheme II. Inflectional morpheme
may change syntactic class
to form new words
examples: -able, un-, re-, etc.
II. Inflectional morpheme
Different forms of the same word
Not change syntactic class
Only 8 kinds in English: -’s, -s (plural nouns), -ing, -ed/-en, -est, -er, -s (S-V agreement)

5. II. Derivational Processes: a method to get new words
Derivation (Derivational affixation)
Compounding: combine two or more morphemes to form new words
Reduplication: full or partial repetition of a morpheme
Blending: parts of the words that are combined are deleted
Clipping: part of a word has been clipped off
Acronyms: abbreviate a longer term by taking the initial letters
Back formation: A word (usually a noun) is reduced to form another word of a different type (usually a verb)
Extension of word formation rules: Part of a word is treated as a morpheme though it’s not
Functional shift (Conversion): A change in the part of speech
Proper names  Common words
Onomatopoeia: words imitate sounds in nature
Borrowing: The taking over of words from other languages

6. III. Inflection; Function words
Definition: adds some grammatical functions related to
Syntax, but does not create new words.
A list of Function words in English (see Nash 65)
All the inflectional morphemes in English are suffixes.
Basic word structure in English:
(DER) Base (DER) (INFL)
e.g Plant er s
im Polite

7. IV. Problems in Morphological Description:
For example:
Noun ADJ
Law (English) Legal (Old Norse) due to historical influence
Mouth (English) Oral (Latin)
The above examples aren’t suitable for people
to analyze by using morphological rules
More examples:
Sheep Sheep (plural form)
Read Read (past tense)

8. V. Interaction Between Morphology and Phonology
A. Past tense in English
1. ends with +V /d/ Ex: agreed, dragged
2. ends with －V /t/ Ex: worked, missed
3. ends with alveolar stop /id/ Ex: load, estimated
B. Plural form
1. ends with +V /z/ Ex: flags, games
2. ends with －V /s/ Ex: maps, banks
3. ends with +sibilant /iz/ Ex: glasses, watches
*Morphophonemic Rules: The rules that determine the pronunciation of the regular past tense and plural morphemes are called morphophonemic rules because morphology adds the suffix to the root, and the phonology controls the pronunciation of the morpheme.
C. Negative (Nash 51)

9. VI. Collocation Definition:
There are combinations of words which are stored together as whole units in the brain, sometimes like big words. A speaker calls up the units as a whole form from memory, just as he calls up individual words.
Examples:
Salt and Pepper
Knife and Fork
Bread and Butter
Do business
Do harm
Make a mistake