1. Insect Control on Sport Fields (Minimizing Player Exposure to Insecticides) David Shetlar, Ph.D. Urban Landscape Entomologist The Ohio State University/OARDC OSU Extension Columbus, OH

2. Why minimize exposure? Public perception & liabilities! Municipal emphasis on IPM & reduced pesticide use (some have outright banned pesticides!) Actual toxicity issues? (possibly in the past, but probably not real with today’s products)

3. Turf Insecticide LD 50 s Acephate (Orthene) Chlorpyrifos (Dursban) Diazinon Ethoprop (Mocap) Fonofos (Crusade) Isofenphos (Oftanol) Isazofos (Triumph) Malathion Trichlorfon (Dylox/Proxol) 980 270 400 62 18 20 40-60 1000 250 Organophosphates (acetylcholinesterase inhibitors)

4. Bendiocarb (Turcam) Carbaryl (Sevin) Bifenthrin (Talstar) Cyfluthrin (Tempo) Fluvalinate (Mavrik) L-cyhalothrin (Scimitar) Permethrin (Astro) 375 826 282 79 430 Pyrethroids (disrupt nerve sodium pump) 156 246 Carbamates (acetylcholinesterase inhibitors) Turf Insecticide LD 50 s

5. Halofenozide (MACH2)2850 Diacylhydrazine (molt accelerating compound, induces molt) Spinosads (Conserve) 3783-5000 Spinosad (synaptic stimulation nicotinic acetycholine sites) Fipronil (Chipco Choice)97 Phenylpyrazoles (GABA receptor disruption) New Insecticide LD50s Azadirachtin A & B (Azatrol, Neem, etc.) >3540 Tetranortriterpenoid (ecdysone blocker; antifeedant)

6. Imidacloprid (Merit)450 Nitroguanidine (post-synaptic block, nicotinic ACH sites) Thiamethoxam (Meridian)1563 Nitroguanidine (post-synaptic block, nicotinic ACH sites) New Insecticide LD50s Clothianidin (Arena)>5000 Nitroguanidine (post-synaptic block, nicotinic ACH sites) The Neonicotinoids Acetamiprid (TriStar)217 Pyridylmethylamine (post-synaptic block, nicotinic ACH sites) Dinotefuran (Safari)>2000 Nitroguanidine (post-synaptic block, nicotinic ACH sites)

7. Sport Field Insect Risks White Grubs (moderate to high) Billbugs (moderate to high) Sod webworms (low) Cutworms/Armyworms (low) Chinch bugs (low)

9. Northern Masked Chafer Life Cycle Standard Curative Possible Preventive “Rescue” Potential Grub Control Window

10. White Grub Control Options (assuming masked chafers) Use tolerant turf – Tall Fescue! Concentrate on deep roots Manage thatch Reduce night lights Preventive approach (Merit/MACH2) Curative approach (Dylox)

11. Ranked Efficacy of White Grub Insecticides 1976 – 2003 a – rateaverange% of tests Insecticidelb.ai./a.% control# tests% controlbelow 70% Carbaryl8.070.44113-10039 (=Sevin) Chlorpyrifos 4.0 54.6 32 0-9659 (=Dursban) Permethrin 0.26 32.3 7 0-54100 Trichlorfon 8.0 77.6 910-9819 (=Dylox, Proxol) a Data from ESA publications (1977-2003) & Ohio testing using masked chafer and Japanese beetle data where label timing recommendations were used and at least 4.0 grubs per sq.ft. were found in checks. Clothianidin 0.4 97.0 1 970 (=Arena) 0.3 100 1 0 Halofenozide 1.5 91.1 6310-10013 (=MACH2) 2.0 93.1 3656-1006 Imidacloprid 0.3 93.6 7858-100 6 (=Merit) 0.4 86.3 3 82-897

12. Comparison of Grub Insecticide Efficacy by Time of Application Halofenozide1.588.4 (7)94.4 (23)88.3 (20)89.6 (19) 77.7 (27) (=MACH2)2.0 Imidachloprid0.369.8 (12)90.6 (18)94.5 (23)94.5 (27) 94.2 (34) (=Merit)0.462.0 (1)88.0 (1)89.0 (1)82.0 (1) --- Clothianidin0.3------100 (1) --- 97.0 (1) (=Arena)0.4------97.0 (1) --- --- Trichlorfon8.0---------62.2 (5) 77.7 (19) rate ave % control (#tests) Insecticidelb.ai./a.MayJuneJulyto Aug 16to Sept 10 a Data from ESA publications (1977-2003) & Ohio testing using masked chafer and Japanese beetle data where label timing recommendations were used and at least 4.0 grubs per sq.ft. were found in checks.

13. Bluegrass Billbug Adult and larva Larva in crown

14. Billbug Diagnosis – Use the “tug test”

15. Bluegrass Billbug Life Cycle Adult Control (preventive) Larval Control (Curative)

16. 1999 Ohio Billbug Preventive Treatment% ControlRate 0.13 1.50 0.06 0.26 0.40 0.20 DeltaGard 0.4SC 67 81 89 81 100 96 81 MACH2 2LTI Scimitar 0.88GC Meridian 25W Merit 75WP appl - 6May; Columbus, OH; read - 25June(48DAT); 32.0 adults/sq.ft. check Meridian 25W Date Appl 7 May 11 Jun 7 May 11 Jun

17. 2001 Ohio Billbug Preventive Test Treatment% ControlRate 0.2 Talstar 0.147G 64 0.272 Permethrin 0.25G32 0.087 Tempo 0.1G 50 4.0 Diazinon 3.2G 68 0.1 Talstar 0.086G 43 appl - 24 May (late preventive); Wooster, OH; read - 12July; 17.8 larvae/sq.ft. check 0.4 Merit 0.5G86 1.5 MACH2 1.5G 36

18. Bluegrass Billbug Control Options Use resistant turf – endophytic Tall Fescue or Perennial Rye! (40%) Water in June Manage thatch Preventive approach (adult control with pyrethroid or Merit in April-May) Curative approach (MACH2 in early June or Dylox/Sevin)

19. Final Recommendations Adopt IPM principles Use resistant turf & turf health care Select least toxic insecticides When insecticides are used, review windows of opportunity and apply when play is stopped or reduced.

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