1. Biochemistry Chapter 6 Sections 3 & 4

2. Chemical Structure: Chemical Structure: O & H share electrons, but not equally O & H share electrons, but not equally Because Oxygen has more protons (8), it pulls the shared electrons from the hydrogen closer into it’s nucleus. Because Oxygen has more protons (8), it pulls the shared electrons from the hydrogen closer into it’s nucleus. This makes Oxygen slightly negative and Hydrogen slightly positive This makes Oxygen slightly negative and Hydrogen slightly positive Water is Polar Water is Polar “Like dissolves like” “Like dissolves like” Biological functions-divided ions needed in nervous system functions Biological functions-divided ions needed in nervous system functions It all begins with Water… O H H

3. Hydrogen Bonding Because water is polar, it attracts other water molecules Because water is polar, it attracts other water molecules Positive region neg. region Positive region neg. region = Hydrogen Bonding = Hydrogen Bonding Weak Weak Cohesion= attractive force b/w particles of the same kind Cohesion= attractive force b/w particles of the same kind Causes surface tension Causes surface tension

4. Hydrogen Bonding Con’t… Adhesion= attractive force b/w unlike particles Adhesion= attractive force b/w unlike particles adhesion pulls water up a tube adhesion pulls water up a tube = Capillarity Action = Capillarity Action Water Water Water

5. Water and Temperature Water gains/loses lg amnts of energy to change temp Water gains/loses lg amnts of energy to change temp Heat water- breaks Hyd. Bonds Heat water- breaks Hyd. Bonds Most automobiles have water-cooled engines. What must be true about a solution that can replace the water in the cooling system, like antifreeze? Most automobiles have water-cooled engines. What must be true about a solution that can replace the water in the cooling system, like antifreeze? It must be able to absorb large quantities of heat It must be able to absorb large quantities of heat

6. Carbon Compounds Organic- contain carbon atoms covalently bonded Organic- contain carbon atoms covalently bonded Share electrons Share electrons Life!! Life!! Bonds well with itself Bonds well with itself Chains, rings or branched chains Chains, rings or branched chains Bond easily to Functional Groups- clusters of atoms that work tog. to determine the properties of a compound Bond easily to Functional Groups- clusters of atoms that work tog. to determine the properties of a compound Ex.- OH (hydroxyl) Group- Creates Alcohol when bonded to Carbon Ex.- OH (hydroxyl) Group- Creates Alcohol when bonded to Carbon

7. Section 6-4 The building blocks of life… The building blocks of life… Why is it fun to play with trains? Why is it fun to play with trains? Linking them together to make a long chain is fun! Linking them together to make a long chain is fun! Organic Chemistry is focused on all compounds made of carbon Organic Chemistry is focused on all compounds made of carbon Why carbon? Why carbon? It’s found in all molecules of life It’s found in all molecules of life Carbon’s structure: Let’s look at the Lewis Dot Carbon’s structure: Let’s look at the Lewis Dot It forms many covalent bonds, which show that it can take many shapes It forms many covalent bonds, which show that it can take many shapes This leads to diversity This leads to diversity

8. Large Carbon Macromolecules Monomer= smaller, simpler molecules that combine to make bigger, usually repeated Monomer= smaller, simpler molecules that combine to make bigger, usually repeated Polymer= when monomers bond together Polymer= when monomers bond together Lots of polymers= macromolecule Lots of polymers= macromolecule Three monomers One polymer (AKA macromolecule)

9. Types of Macromolecules Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids All made from carbon, hydrogen and oxygen All made from carbon, hydrogen and oxygen All very in the ratios All very in the ratios Table 6.1, pg. 167 Table 6.1, pg. 167

10. A. Carbohydrates Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen Ratio: 1 oxygen and 2 hydrogen for every carbon (1:2:1) Ratio: 1 oxygen and 2 hydrogen for every carbon (1:2:1) (CH 2 O) n (CH 2 O) n Can be classified as Monosaccharide, Disaccharide, Polysaccharide (called sugars) Can be classified as Monosaccharide, Disaccharide, Polysaccharide (called sugars) So, a carbohydrate is a sugar So, a carbohydrate is a sugar

11. Saccharides Monomers of carbohydrate Monomers of carbohydrate Simply means “sugar” Simply means “sugar” Glucose- energy of cells Glucose- energy of cells Fructose- found in fruits, makes things sweet Fructose- found in fruits, makes things sweet Galactose- found in milk Galactose- found in milk Animals store glucose as a poly called glycogen, which provides energy Animals store glucose as a poly called glycogen, which provides energy Plants store glucose as a poly called starch Plants store glucose as a poly called starch

12. B. Lipids Made mostly of carbon and hydrogen Made mostly of carbon and hydrogen Make up fats, oils and waxes Make up fats, oils and waxes Primary function: store energy Primary function: store energy Composed of fatty acid tail (nonpolar) and a polar head Composed of fatty acid tail (nonpolar) and a polar head

13. Unsaturated and Saturated Fats Classified by the type of tails: Classified by the type of tails: Single bond chains: Saturated fats because no more hydrogen can bond to the tail (not healthy!) Single bond chains: Saturated fats because no more hydrogen can bond to the tail (not healthy!) Double bond chains: can accommodate more hydrogen, unsaturated (healthy!) Double bond chains: can accommodate more hydrogen, unsaturated (healthy!) More than 1 double bond: Polyunsaturated fats More than 1 double bond: Polyunsaturated fats

14. Lipids… Have two ends have: Have two ends have: Hydrophilic End- loves water, polar (head) Hydrophilic End- loves water, polar (head) Hydrophobic End- hates water, nonpolar (tail) Hydrophobic End- hates water, nonpolar (tail) Phospholipid- special lipid that contains phosphate- Make up the cell membrane Phospholipid- special lipid that contains phosphate- Make up the cell membrane Steroids: cholesterol and hormones, serve as the starting point for other lipid formation Steroids: cholesterol and hormones, serve as the starting point for other lipid formation

15. C. Proteins Made of amino acids Made of amino acids What’s an amino acid? What’s an amino acid? Small compounds made of C, H, O, N and maybe S Small compounds made of C, H, O, N and maybe S Formed from monomers Formed from monomers Skin and muscle from animals are protein Skin and muscle from animals are protein

16. Amino Acids 20 different amino acids 20 different amino acids Proteins are made of many different combos of those 20 amino acids Proteins are made of many different combos of those 20 amino acids Fold into different shapes that have different functions Fold into different shapes that have different functions Building blocks for life!! Building blocks for life!! Proteins make muscles, skin, hair, nails, etc Proteins make muscles, skin, hair, nails, etc

17. Peptides When two amino acids bond, peptides hold them together When two amino acids bond, peptides hold them together Can connect hundreds of amino acids together at once Can connect hundreds of amino acids together at once

18. Enzymes Protein that act as a catalyst Protein that act as a catalyst Unchanged after it is used, use over again Unchanged after it is used, use over again

19. D. Nucleic Acids Very large, very complex molecules Very large, very complex molecules C, N, O, P, H all combined to make thousands of monomers called nucleotides C, N, O, P, H all combined to make thousands of monomers called nucleotides Usually have a phosphate group, nitrogen base and ribose sugar all attached together to form the nucleic acid Usually have a phosphate group, nitrogen base and ribose sugar all attached together to form the nucleic acid Store information- heredity Store information- heredity Examples Examples Deoxyribonucleic acid = info for cell activities Deoxyribonucleic acid = info for cell activities Ribonucleic acid = stores and transfers info for the making of proteins Ribonucleic acid = stores and transfers info for the making of proteins ATP= stores chemical energy for cells ATP= stores chemical energy for cells