1. Exam 1
Read chapters 1-4

2. These are answers you should be able to answer
What are the major mineral classes? Know the examples for each one. What is the common anion within each mineral class?
What is the definition of a mineral?
Who were the historical figures in the history of plate tectonics? What were their accomplishments/hypotheses?
What are the two reasons that the early Earth was hot?
Know the scientific method. What is a hypothesis? What is a theory? What is a law?
What is the difference between an igneous rock, a sedimentary rock, and a metamorphic rock?
What is paleomagnetism? How is it used?
Why are there magnetic stripes on the seafloor? What did Vine and Matthews propose regarding the magnetic stripes?
What hypothesis did Harry Hess propose?
What is fusion?
What is a glass?

3. What are the most abundant elements in the Earth
What are the most abundant elements in the Earth? How about just the crust?
What mineral is the mantle mostly made of?
Know the chemical formulas for the particular minerals listed in lecture. What mineral class do they belong to?
What are the 3 different types of plate boundaries. What characteristics are associated with each type? What are the geographical examples given for each one?
What was Wegener’s evidence for the existence of Pangea?
When did the Big Bang occur?
What are silicates? What are the different types of silicates and what are the examples of each type? What is the silica tetrahedron, and how does the bonding of tetrahedra relate to each type of silicate?
How old is the oldest oceanic crust? How old is the oldest continental crust? Why do they have different ages?
Know the order of the planets. Which are terrestrial and which are Jovian?
What kind of minerals are sapphires and rubies?
Who is James Hutton? What did he propose?

4. What is a subduction zone. What occurs at subduction zones
What is a subduction zone? What occurs at subduction zones? What type of plate boundary is a subduction zone located at? Why do volcanoes form at subduction zones? What do we call the volcanic islands formed at subduction zones?
What rock is the continental crust mostly made of? What rock is the oceanic crust mostly made of? Which one is thicker? Which one is older on average?
What is ocean bathymetry? What is GPS? What is sonar?
What is a polymorph? What are the two polymorphs that contain only carbon?
Which type of rock (igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic) makes up most of the volume of continental crust? Which type of rock covers most of the surface area on continents?
What are ions, cations, and anions? What is atomic mass number? What is atomic number? What is an isotope?
What are ionic and covalent bonds? Which are more common in minerals? Which is stronger?
What is the crust, mantle, and core made of?
How do continental and oceanic parts of plates differ?
Who was Eratosthenes? What did he calculate?

5. What is magnetic inclination. What is magnetic declination
What is magnetic inclination? What is magnetic declination? Which tells you direction, and which tells you latitude?
What are the typical minerals found in a granite?
What kinds of mineral properties are there? What is streak? What is cleavage?
What is differentiation? How did differentiation separate the Earth’s interior into a crust, mantle, and core?
What is the lithosphere? What is the asthenosphere?
What is the nebular hypothesis?
What is a nebula?
How old is the Earth? How old is the universe?
When did Pangea exist?
What is Rodinia? When did it exist?
What is nucleosynthesis? What is a supernova?
What does E=mc2 mean?
What is a protostar?
What caused the Appalachian mountains to form?