3. RECENT CHANGES VAST CHANGE IN SOCIAL ROLES 2/3 OF MARRIED WOMEN WORK 60% OF WOMEN WITH SMALL CHILDREN WORK (19% IN 1960) TWO INCOME FAMILIES NORMAL

4. QUESTIONS DO WOMEN OR MEN HAVE MORE MENTAL ILLNESS? DO MEN AND WOMEN HAVE DIFFERENT TYPES OF M.I.? HOW IS GENDER RELATED TO THE TREATMENT OF MENTAL ILLNESS?

5. GENDER BOTH BIOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY FOCUS ON GENDER AS CONSTANT PROPERTY OF INDIVIDUALS BIOLOGY - PHYSIOLOGY, HORMONES, REPRODUCTION, ETC. PSYCHOLOGY - DIFFERENCES IN PSYCHOLOGICAL ORIENTATIONS

6. SOCIOLOGICAL DISTRESS ARISES OUT OF ROLES NOT PSYCHOLOGY OR BIOLOGY POWER, RESOURCES, AUTONOMY ASSOCIATED WITH MALE ROLES OPPOSITE WITH FEMALE ROLES

7. SOCIAL ROLES WOMEN IN TRADITIONALLY MALE ROLES HAVE LESS DISTRESS MEN IN TRADITIONALLY FEMALE ROLES HAVE MORE DISTRESS MEN AND WOMEN IN SAME ROLES WILL HAVE SAME DISTRESS

8. CULTURAL EXPECTATIONS NOT JUST ROLES BUT EXPECTATIONS OF MEN AND WOMEN IN ROLES UNEMPLOYED MAN VS. HOUSEWIFE POWERFUL MAN VS. WOMAN DISTRESS FROM COMBINATION OF ROLES + EXPECTATIONS

9. SOCIAL ROLES (GOVE) RATES OF M.I. HISTORICALLY SPECIFIC NOT UNIVERSAL - CHANGE OVER TIME AS ROLES CHANGE BEFORE WWII - WOMEN’S ROLES VALUED RELATIVELY EQUAL RATES OF M.I. AFTER WWII - HOUSEWIVE ROLE

10. AFTER WWII HOUSEWIVE ROLE IS FRUSTRATING, UNDEMANDING, UNREWARDED WORKING WOMEN FACE ROLE OVERLOAD AND DISCRIMINATION UNCLEAR EXPECTATIONS

11. PREDICTIONS MARRIED WOMEN HAVE MORE DISTRESS THAN MARRIED MEN SINGLE MEN AND WOMEN EQUAL

12. MARRIAGE AND DISTRESS SINGLE MEN AND WOMEN EQUAL MARRIED MEN < MARRIED WOMEN IMPORTANCE OF ROLES

13. DISTRESS, WORK AND MARRIAGE HOUSEWIVES > DISTRESS THAN WORKING WOMEN WORKING WOMEN > WORKING MEN ROLE OVERLOAD UNEMPLOYED MEN WORST

14. ROLES ARE IMPORTANT SAME ROLES, SAME DISTRESS - E.G. SINGLE PEOPLE MALE ROLES HAVE LESS DISTRESS - EMPLOYMENT, RESOURCES, LESS OVERLOAD FEMALE ROLES HAVE MORE DISTRESS - NO JOBS, LOWER EARNINGS, MORE OVERLOAD

15. OPTIMAL MENTAL HEALTH WOMEN WHO WORK AND HAVE HUSBANDS WHO DO EQUAL SHARE OF CHILD CARE AND HOUSEWORK JUSTIFYING IDEOLOGIES

17. CHANGES OVER TIME WOMEN > MEN DIFFERENCES SMALLER NOW BECAUSE MEN RISING MORE RAPIDLY WHY?

18. CHANGES OVER TIME 1960’S - HUSBANDS WITH WORKING WIVES HAVE MORE DISTRESS NO LONGER TRUE 1990’S - HUSBANDS WITH WIVES EARNING MORE THAN THEY DO HAVE MORE DISTRESS (NOW TRUE IN 1/3 OF FAMILIES)

20. LIMITS OF SOCIAL ROLE THEORY VERY OVERSIMPLIFIED NO SEX DIFFERENCES IN PSYCHOSES STUDIES BIASED BECAUSE ONLY USE FEMALE TYPES OF MENTAL ILLNESS - USUALLY DISTRESS/DEPRESSION

22. TYPES OF ILLNESS WOMEN = 2/3 OF DEPRESSION, ANXIETY, DISTRESS, SUICIDE ATTEMPTS MEN = 2/3 OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG PROBLEMS, 4X SUICIDES MEN ALSO 5X VIOLENCE, 2X CAR ACCIDENTS OVERALL RATES EQUAL

23. REASONS CULTURAL EXPECTATIONS ABOUT GENDER ROLES WOMEN INTERNALIZE WOMEN EXPECTED NOT TO EXTERNALIZE MEN EXTERNALIZE MEN EXPECTED NOT TO INTERNALIZE

24. IMPLICATIONS MAKES MANY STUDIES OF SEX DIFFERENCES IN DISTRESS HARD TO INTERPRET SHOULD USE MULTIPLE OUTCOMES TYPICAL OF EACH SEX