1. Wireless Networking WAN Design Module-06 Jerry Bernardini Community College of Rhode Island 6/18/20151Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

2. Presentation Reference Material CWNA Certified Wireless Network Administration Official Study Guide, Fourth Edition, Tom Carpenter, Joel Barrett – Chapter-5 Pages 204-231 The California Regional Consortium for Engineering Advances in Technological Education (CREATE) project 6/18/2015Wireless Networking J. Bernardini2

3. IEEE 802.11 Service Sets Basic Service Sets – 3 types – Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS) – Infrastructure Basic Service Set (BSS) – Extended Basic Service Set (ESS) Note: The BSS is the fundamental building block for all 802.11 wireless networks. – Note: – for IEEE 802.3 each device on the network is a node or host – for IEEE 802.11 each device on the network is a Station (STA)

4. Basic Service Set 4 Basic Service Set (BSS): Group of wireless devices served by single AP –infrastructure mode BSS must be assigned unique identifier –Service Set Identifier (SSID) Serves as “network name” for BSS Basic Service Area (BSA): Geographical area of a BSS –Max BSA for a WLAN depends on many factors Dynamic rate shifting: As mobile devices move away from AP, transmission speed decreases BSS - The Basic Service Set is a term used to describe the collection of Stations which may communicate together within an 802.11 WLAN.

5. Extended Service Set ESS - is comprised of a number BSS’s ESS stations must have the same SSID The BSSID is the “name” of the BSS (not same as SSID) APs can be positioned so that cells overlap to facilitate roaming – Wireless devices choose AP based on signal strength – Stations going from one BSS to another will deal with Handoff Wired LAN BSS1 (BSSID1) ESS SSID BSS2 (BSSID2) BSS3 (BSSID3)

6. IEEE Wireless LAN Configurations: Independent Basic Service Set 6 Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS): Wireless network that does not use an AP –Wireless devices communicate between themselves –Peer-to-peer or ad hoc mode BSS more flexible than IBSS in being able to connect to other wired or wireless networks IBSS useful for quickly and easily setting up wireless network –When no connection to Internet or external network needed

7. Service Set Identifiers - SSID and BSSID SSID -Service Set Identifier is a 1-32 byte alphanumeric sequence that uniquely names an ESS (the network name). Any SSID or Null SSID is a blank SSID used to associate with anyone. BSSID- Basic Service Set Identifier is a 48-bits that uniquely identifies a BSS Wired LAN AP ESS Id = SSID BSS Id = BSSID

8. Reassociation Wireless Clients Access Points Wired LAN 1 12 Link Fading Reassociation Request

9. Load Balancing or Sharing Wireless Clients Access Points Wired LAN 2 12 1 1 1 2 2

10. WLAN IP Addressing In standard networking, IP protocol responsible for moving frames between computers – Network layer protocol TCP/IP works on principle that each network host has unique IP address – Used to locate path to specific host – Routers use IP address to forward packets – Prohibits mobile users from switching to another network and using same IP number Users who want to roam need new IP address on every network 10

11. Mobile IP 11 Provides mechanism within TCP/IP protocol to support mobile computing –Computers given home address, Static IP number on home network –Home agent: Forwarding mechanism that keeps track of where mobile computer located –When computer moves to foreign network, a foreign agent provides routing services Assigns computer a care-of address Computer registers care-of address with home agent

12. CCRI J. Bernardini12 Mobile IP Components MN – Mobile Node (VMD) FA – Foreign Agent (MAP) HA – Home Agent (MAP) AAP – Authoritative Access Point MAP – Mobile IP Access Point (MN) VMD – Visiting Mobile Device (MN) COA – Care-of-Address HAN – Home Agent Network FAN – Foreign Agent Network CN – Correspondent Node

13. CCRI J. Bernardini13 Subnets and Mobile IP Subnets provide many advantages: – make network management easier – Subnets reduce broadcasts – Subnets provide security – Subnets use subnet masks (255.255.255.0) WLAN subnets creates problems for roaming devices Example: – 192.146.118.20 /24 can seamlessly roam within 192.146.118.x /24 – Note /24 is a 255.255.255.0 subnet mask – 192.146.118.20 /24 can not seamlessly roam within 202.165.200.x /24 without changing the IP address Mobile IP offers a solution – 192.146.118.20 can roam as a “guest” on the 202.165.200.x network

14. CCRI J. Bernardini14 Mobile IP Devices Visiting Device – Some APs support Mobile IP and Visiting devices Mobile IP Access Point – Performs all Mobile IP services Home Agent – Visiting devices home router – Tunnels packets from “visited” network to “visiting” device Authoritative Access Point (AAP) – Uses a subnet map to track all home “visiting” devices Foreign Agent – A router the is the attachment point for “visiting” devices – Tunnels packets to the Home Agent for the “visiting” device

15. CCRI J. Bernardini15 Mobile IP Process - Discovery 1- Mobile Node (MN) gets address from Home Agent (HA) 2- MN moves to Foreign Agent (FA ) network 3- MN discovers FA or solicits for an agent. 4- MN gets Care-of-Address (COA) from FA 1 2 3 4 Mobile IP 3-Step Process 1-Discovery 2-Registration 3-Tunneling MN – Mobile Node FA – Foreign Agent HA – Home Agent

16. CCRI J. Bernardini16 Mobile IP Process - Registration 5- MN send registration request to FA 6- FA checks request, adds MN to pending list 7- FA relays request to HA 8- HA checks request and creates a mobile binding 9- HA sends registration reply to FA 5 Mobile IP 3-Step Process 1-Discovery 2-Registration 3-Tunneling 6 7 8 9 10 10- FA checks reply and adds MN to visitor list and relays reply to MN 11-FA creates a routing entry and tunnel to HA 12- MN check reply and creates a tunnel to the HA Through the FA 11 12 MN – Mobile Node FA – Foreign Agent HA – Home Agent CN – Correspondent Node

17. CCRI J. Bernardini17 Mobile IP- Tunneling and Packet Forwarding MN – Mobile Node FA – Foreign Agent HA – Home Agent CN – Correspondent Node COA- Care-of-Address 13 13- Correspondent Node (CN) sends packet to MN and is routed to HA 14- HA intercepts packets and tunnels to the FA using the COA 15- FA relays the packets to the MN 14 15

18. CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 18 Infrastructure Mode

19. CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 19 Channel reuse

20. CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 20 Flip flop between access points

21. WLAN Design Models 6/18/2015Wireless Networking J. Bernardini21 Point-to-Point (PtP) Point-to-Multipoint (PtMP)

22. WLAN Modes Single MAC Model – Edge, Autonomous, Stand-Alone, Fat-AP Split MAC Model – Centralized, Thin-AP Mesh Network – Distributed, Multipath, IEEE 802.11s 6/18/2015Wireless Networking J. Bernardini22

23. Single MAC Model 6/18/2015Wireless Networking J. Bernardini23

24. Split MAC Model 6/18/2015Wireless Networking J. Bernardini24

25. WLAN Model Evolution Intelligent Edge(Distribution) – Quick to setup but for small-medium networks – Difficult to mage for large networks WLAN Network Management Systems – Centralized Management Distribution Processing – For large networks Centralized WLAN Architecture (Split MAC) – For large networks with centralized controller – Large amount of wiring needed Distributed Data Forwarding (DDF) WLAN – Similar to Split MAC but uses Fat-AP Unified WLAN Architecture – Wireless built in to every thing including switches 6/18/2015Wireless Networking J. Bernardini25

26. WLAN Power Management Features Active Mode – No power saving but improved station and AP performance – For desktops and line powered laptops Power Save Mode – Dozing and Wake modes – Switches to wake to check for frames WMM Power Save – U-APSD Unscheduled Automatic Power-Save Delivery – This is an industry certification – IEEE 802.11e-2005 6/18/2015Wireless Networking J. Bernardini26

27. Power Management 27 A WLAN laptop must remain “awake” in order to receive network transmissions –Original IEEE 802 standard assumes stations always ready to receive network messages Power management: Allows mobile devices to conserve battery life without missing transmissions –Transparent to all protocols –Differs based on WLAN configuration –AP records which stations awake and sleeping –Buffering: If sleeping, AP temporarily stores frames

28. Power Management At set times AP send out beacon to all stations – Contains traffic indication map (TIM) – At same time, all sleeping stations switch into active listening mode Power management in ad hoc mode: – Ad hoc traffic indication message (ATIM) window: Time at which all stations must be awake Wireless device sends beacon to all other devices – Devices that previously attempted to send a frame to a sleeping device will send ATIM frame indicating that receiving device has data to receive and must remain awake 28

29. Continuous Aware Mode Constantly Awake Mode provides the best performance allowing the client a strong connection between the wireless card and the AP; however, it also rapidly drains the client’s battery, resulting in shorter battery life.

30. Power Management with TIM/DTIM/ATIM Traffic Indication Map (TIM) – A table stored on the AP of all STA’s in Power Save mode – TIM is used to determine which STA’s require frame buffering – Every Beacon contains a TIM Delivery Traffic Indication Message (DTIM) – Used to manage STAs and to program wakeup – Sent on every few (third or some interval)Beacon Ad Hoc Traffic Indication Message (ATIM) – Use to power manage IBSS 6/18/2015Wireless Networking J. Bernardini30