1. Inheritance (notes for 10/26 lecture)

2. Inheritance Inheritance is the last of the relationships we will study this semester. Inheritance is (syntactically) an easy relationship to express, but it takes some study to truly understand its many aspects.

3. Flavors of inheritance Inheritance used for different purposes: –to indicate conceptual relatedness (is-a) –for subtyping (extension of capabilities) –for code sharing Inheritance can take place from –interface to interface –class to class

4. Inheritance: is-a The is-a relationship exists between two classes A and B if each member of A is also a B. Example 1: since every square is also a rectangle, we say square is-a rectangle. Example 2: since every penguin is also a bird, we say penguin is-a bird. The picture on the next slide, shows this idea.

5. Exhibit ‘A’ (conceptual) is-a hierarchy shape rectangle square rhombus parallelogram polygon ellipse

6. Inheritance: types Inheritance can also indicate a subtype- supertype relationship. A subtype has at least as many capabilities as the supertype has. The compiler uses typing information to ensure that method calls made on expressions of a given type are coherent.

7. types (continued) It is possible to imagine that a rectangle object in a drawing program allows its width and height to be varied independently of each other, via independent setWidth and setHeight mutators. A square object must not allow this. A square object in such an environment should only provide a setSize mutator. From this perspective, squares and rectangles are NOT of the same type. A rectangle and an ellipse might be, however.

8. Rectangles & Ellipses (x,y) width (w) height (h) (x+w,y+h) (x,y) width (w) height (h) (x+w,y+h) The dimensions of rectangles and ellipses are specified in the same manner.

9. types (continued) While a square is-a rectangle conceptually, in this environment it does not make sense for the type square be be a subtype of the type rectangle (since the set of methods on a rectangle are not a subset of those of the square).

10. Exhibit ‘B’, part 1 type hierarchy shape rectangle square rhombus parallelogram polygon ellipse

11. Exhibit ‘B’, part 2 type hierarchy shape rectangle square ellipse rectangularly-defined shape

12. lesson There is no single “right” hierarchy. Arrange hierarchy so it works for your problem/solution.

13. Inheritance: sharing implemenation A third use of inheritance is for sharing of implementation (code). This use of inheritance is over-used: composition is often preferable. Advice: –never use inheritance SOLELY for the purpose of sharing implementation –OK if coupled with is-a or typing motivation

14. Exhibit ‘C’ shape rectangle square rhombus parallelogram polygon (one way to achieve) code sharing ellipse

15. interface inheritance In Java, an interface can extend zero or more interfaces: extending zero interfaces public interface A { public void foo(); } extending one interface public interface B extends A { public void bar(A a); } extending many interfaces public interface C extends B, ActionListener { public ActionListener getListener(); }

16. interface inheritance, cont’d When an interface A extends another interface B, A inherits the methods specified by B. This means that a class which implements A must define all the methods specified in both A and B. If an interface can have at most one specification for any given method: even it an interface inherits the very same method specification (same name, same parameter list) from two or more parent interfaces, the interface has the method specified just once.

17. class inheritance A (user-defined) class always extends exactly one (other) class: public class Circle extends Shape {…} If class header has no explicit extends clause, parent class is implicitly Object: public class Shape {…} public class Shape extends Object {…} Object is the root of Java’s class hierarchy.

18. What is inherited? Given what we know, a correct answer is that anything that is not private is inherited. All our properties (instance variables) are private, so they are not inherited. All our methods are public (not private), so they are inherited.

19. What is effect of inheritance? A method inherited from a superclass to a subclass can be invoked on a subclass instance, even though not defined there: public class Foo { private Bar _bar; public void setBar(Bar b) { _bar = b; } public class FooSub extends Foo { … } This is legal: new FooSub().setBar(new Bar())

20. Method overriding A subclass can override a definition inherited from superclass simply by providing an alternate definition of the method in the subclass’ defintion: public class Foo { private Bar _bar; public void setBar(Bar b) { _bar = b; } public class FooSub extends Foo { public void setBar(Bar b) { _bar = b; // of course, we can’t do this, since _bar is private! b.setColor(new graphics.colors.Cyan()); }

21. partial overriding A subclass can add something to a definition inherited from superclass simply first invoking the superclass’ definition, then adding extra code in an augmenting definition of the method in the subclass’ defintion: public class Foo { private Bar _bar; public void setBar(Bar b) { _bar = b; } public class FooSub extends Foo { public void setBar(Bar b) { super.setBar(b); // asks superclass method to do: _bar = b; b.setColor(new graphics.colors.Cyan()); }

22. overriding summary total (complete) overriding –a subclass provides an entirely new definition for a method which would otherwise have been inherited from the superclass partial overriding –a subclass provides a definition for a method which would otherwise have been inherited from the superclass, but calls the superclass version via super. inheritance –a subclass does not provide an alternate defintion for a method defined in the superclass, which is inherited.

23. A few loose ends… The next several slides ties up a few loose ends.

24. constructor and method overloading A class can define multiple methods with the same name, as long as they differ in their parameter lists. A class can therefore define multiple constructors (which all MUST share their name), as long as they differ in their parameter lists. Providing multiple method definitions with the same name is called overloading: the name is overloaded with multiple definitions. Selection of correct definition is based on the argument list in a given method call.

25. overloading vs. overriding overloading: –same name is used for many different method definitions –parameter lists of methods must all be different –all definitions co-exist overriding: –same name is used for a subclass method also defined in a superclass –parameter list must be exactly the same in subclass definition as in superclass definition –subclass definition supplants superclass definition

26. constructor overriding Constructors can (and should generally) be overridden when extended classes other than Object. A superclass constructor is always called, implicitly if not explicitly. Implicit call is to super(). Use super with argument list to explicitly call one of the superclass’ other constructors. Call to superclass constructor is ALWAYS the first statement. If not, compiler complains.

27. no constructor? A class must always provide a constructor. If not, one is provided implicitly: a no- argument constructor which just calls the implicit superclass constructor.

28. a minimial class definition In Java we can write: public class Foo { } In reality the compiler sees this: public class Foo extends Object { public Foo() { super(); }

29. this A pronoun that an object uses to refer to itself. A reference to the object on which a method was invoked.

30. java.lang.System.out.println method We can output (print) a String by using the method System.out.println System is a class, in the package java.lang, all of whose members are automagically imported (i.e. we don’t need to use their fully-qualified names to access them). out is a variable accessible via this class name (hmm – how does that work?) println is a method defined on the object referred to by the out variable. out is of type java.io.PrintStream, and overloads println in many ways.