1. World Regional Geography
February 22, 2010
Reading:
Marston Chapter 5
Pages ,
Goode’s World Atlas
Pages
This Week:
Map Quiz #2: Africa
Next Week:
Midterm Exam
Introduction – North Africa & The Middle East

2. Sub-Saharan Africa Political Boundaries Physical Geography
Physical Features & Major Landforms
Climate
Vegetation & Land Use
Environmental Issues
The Demographic Transition
Human Geography
Population Characteristics
Culture & Ethnicity
History
Colonialism & Genocide

3. Political Boundaries

4. Physical Features

5. Major Landforms Plateau Continent Basins Highlands Rift Valley
Ethiopian
Fouta Djallon
Cape Fold
Drakensburg
Rift Valley
Tectonic activity
Major rivers
Congo
Zambezi
Victoria Falls
Niger
Orange
Limpopo

6. Rainfall

7. Climate

8. Vegetation

9. Land Use & Agriculture Less than 30% arable land Shifting Cultivation
Slash and burn
Bush Fallow
Intercropping
Flood Plain Farming
Pastoralism
Transhumance

10. Resources & Regions West African Coast Southern Africa Petroleum
Diamonds
Gold

11. Environmental Issues Diseases Desertification Drought Poaching
Elephants
Ivory
Rhinoceros

12. Diseases, Insects & Pests
Affects People and Livestock
Vectors: tsetse fly, mosquitoes, snails, worms
Malaria, river blindness, sleeping sickness, yellow fever, and intestinal parasites

13. Desertification
Over-grazing
Water-withdrawal
Drought
Food security

14. The Sahel

15. Demographic Transition Theory
Demographic Transition: A Model of economic and cultural change to explain declining death rates, declining birth rates, and rising life expectancies in Western nations as they became industrialized.
Proposed by Frank Notestein in the 1940s–1950s

16. Demographic Transition Model

17. Stage 1: Pre-industrial
High birth rates
No family planning
Children need for agricultural labor
Children provide family security
Lower rates of child survivorship
High death rates
Disease and famine
Lack of medical knowledge
Poor hygiene and sanitation
No population growth
No countries are currently in this stage.

18. Stage 2: Transitional Birth rates remain high Death rates fall
Decline in infant mortality
Improved medical knowledge
Improved sanitation
Food security
Increased connectivity
Agriculture remains dominant economic activity
Population growth begins and increases rapidly
Examples: Afghanistan, Yemen, much of Central and West Africa

19. Stage 3: Industrial Birth rates fall Death rate reaches stability
Empowerment of women
Lower infant mortality = less pressure to have children
Less need for agricultural labor
Improved education
Death rate reaches stability
Urbanization and industrialization
Population growth slows down
Examples: Mexico, Indonesia, portions of North and Southern Africa

20. Stage 4: Post-Industrial
Low birth and death rates
Populations are high but growth is slow/stable
Largely urban population
Industrial / service economies
Examples: United States, Canada, Australia, Northern Europe

21. A 5th Stage? (Decline) Characterized by negative natural increase
Very low birth rates
Economic success
Education
Decline in religious adherence
Aging population
Long-term low birth rates
Population age-structure leads to slightly higher death rates
Examples: Germany, Russia, much of Eastern Europe

22. Demographic Transition Theory
Length of stages varies from country-to-country
Size of population change (growth) depends on the length of time spent in stages 2 and 3.
The lag between the initial fall in death rates and the subsequent fall in birth rates.

23. Demographic Transition Model

24. Stage 2: Mali 43 15 2.8 110 6.0 45 2 48 +117% 1,060 Country Birth Rate
Death Rate
NI (%)
IMR
TFR
% <15
% >65
Mali 43 15
2.8
110
6.0 45 2
Country
Life Expectancy
Pop Chg
(2050)
% Urban
GNI PPP
(US$)
Mali 48
+117%
1,060

25. Stage 3: Mexico 20 5 1.6 19 2.3 32 6 75 +18% 77 14,270 Country
Birth Rate
Death Rate
NI (%)
IMR
TFR
% <15
% >65
Mexico 20 5
1.6 19
2.3 32 6
Country
Life Expectancy
Pop Chg
(2050)
% Urban
GNI PPP
(US$)
Mexico 75
+18% 77
14,270

26. Stage 4: Canada 11 7 0.4 5 1.6 17 14 81 +24% 36,220 Country Birth Rate
Death Rate
NI (%)
IMR
TFR
% <15
% >65
Canada 11 7
0.4 5
1.6 17 14
Country
Life Expectancy
Pop Chg
(2050)
% Urban
GNI PPP
(US$)
Canada 81
+24%
36,220

27. Stage 5: Germany 8 10 -0.2 3.9 1.3 14 20 80 -13% 73 35,990 Country
Birth Rate
Death Rate
NI (%)
IMR
TFR
% <15
% >65
Germany 8 10
-0.2
3.9
1.3 14 20
Country
Life Expectancy
Pop Chg
(2050)
% Urban
GNI PPP
(US$)
Germany 80
-13% 73
35,990

28. Comparison
Country
Birth Rate
Death Rate
NI (%)
IMR
TFR
% <15
% >65
Mali 43 15
2.8
110
6.0 45 2
Mexico 20 5
1.6 19
2.3 32 6
Canada 11 7
0.4 17 14
Germany 8 10
-0.2
3.9
1.3
Country
Life Expectancy
Pop Chg
(2050)
% Urban
GNI PPP
(US$)
Mali 48
+117%
1,060
Mexico 75
+18% 77
14,270
Canada 81
+24%
36,220
Germany 80
-13% 73
35,990

29. Sub-Saharan Africa: Population
Population of roughly 836 million
2.5% yearly growth (World: 1.2%)
Doubling time of 25 years
1.15 billion by 2025
High fertility rate: 5.3% (World: 2.6%)
Still primarily rural: 35% (World: 50%)
Urbanizing rapidly

30. Population Density

31. Population Characteristics Projected Pop. Change (2050)
Region
Population
(Millions)
Birth Rate
Death Rate
Natural Increase
(%)
Net Migration Rate
Projected Pop. Change (2050)
West Africa
297 40 14
2.7 -1
+110%
East Africa
313 13
2.6
+118%
Central Africa
125 42
2.8
+144%
Southern Africa 58 24 15
0.9 3
+17%
Differences between Southern Africa and the rest of Sub-Saharan Africa
Impact of HIV/AIDS
Stage of development / demographic transition

32. Population Characteristics
Region
IMR
TFR
% Pop <15
% Pop
>65
Life Expectancy
Male
Female
West Africa 80
5.5 44 3 51 50 52
East Africa 76
5.4
Central Africa 95
6.1 45 49
Southern Africa 48
2.8 33 5 53
Region
HIV/AIDS %
% Urban
GNI PPP
(US$)
West Africa
2.5 42
1,600
East Africa
5.6 22
1,030
Central Africa 41
1,650
Southern Africa
18.5 56
9,380

33. Sub-Saharan African Diaspora
Out of Africa
To Europe
Brain drain
Within Africa
Search for work
Circular migrations
Refugees
4.5 million
1/3 of world total