1. IUFRO Division 5 meeting Taipei, Taiwan Nov. 2007 Biomass utilization and bioenergy production in the western United States David Nicholls Robert Monserud Dennis Dykstra USDA Forest Service Pacific NW Research Station

2. “A Synthesis of Biomass Utilization for Bioenergy Production in the Western United States” David Nicholls Robert Monserud Dennis Dykstra 2007 IUFRO Division 5 Conference Taipei, Taiwan

3. 2007 IUFRO Division 5 Conference Taipei, Taiwan Feedstock resource vision goals for U.S. energy use National energy use Energy source2001201020202030 -------------Percentage of total------------ Biopower45 Biobased transportation fuels0.541020 Biobased products5121825 Source: Perlack et al. 2005.

4. 2007 IUFRO Division 5 Conference Taipei, Taiwan

5. Woody Biomass Resources- Western U.S. ►estimates depend on land ownership, size distribution of biomass, definition of biomass, and states included ► in 15 western states, > 28 million acres of forest could benefit from hazardous fuel removals, yielding ~345 million oven-dry tons of biomass. Rummer et al. (2003) 2007 IUFRO Division 5 Conference Taipei, Taiwan Biomass utilization and bioenergy production in the western United States

6. 2007 IUFRO Division 5 Conference Taipei, Taiwan Biomass utilization and bioenergy production in the western United States Tools for Evaluating Biomass Resources ► Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data In western forests, 29 million acres have been identified, based on FIA data, as “high priority hot-spots” that could yield up to 576 million oven-dry tons of biomass if thinned. Vissage and Miles (2003)

7. 2007 IUFRO Division 5 Conference Taipei, Taiwan Biomass utilization and bioenergy production in the western United States Economic Considerations for Biomass Removals ►Four thinning treatment scenarios evaluated ►Uneven-aged treatments on gentle slopes provided the only scenario with a positive net revenue (averaging $686 per acre) Skog et al. (2006)

8. On Forest Service lands……. ► Thinning costs typically range $150-$550 per acre ► Translates to about $70 per oven-dry ton of recovered biomass LeVan-Green and Livingston (2001) 2007 IUFRO Division 5 Conference Taipei, Taiwan Biomass utilization and bioenergy production in the western United States

9. Stand-alone wood energy plants…. ■ average ~20 megawatts (MW), range to about 75 MW (Bain and Overend, 2002). ■ relatively inefficient; electricity costs 8 to 12 ¢ per kilowatt-hour (kWh). Wind energy….3-4 ¢ per kWh Solar thermal….<10 ¢ per kWh 2007 IUFRO Division 5 Conference Taipei, Taiwan Biomass utilization and bioenergy production in the western United States

10. 2007 IUFRO Division 5 Conference Taipei, Taiwan Biomass utilization and bioenergy production in the western United States Williams Lake Power Plant, British Columbia, Canada ► design capacity of 60 MW ► 550,000 green tons of mill residues per year ► 5 sawmills within 5 kilometers of the wood energy plant ► sawmills supply fuel at no cost ► power plant paid about $2 million at each sawmill for fuel-preparation equipment Large-scale bioenergy in western Canada

11. Biomass utilization and bioenergy production in the western United States 2007 IUFRO Division 5 Conference Taipei, Taiwan

12. Biomass utilization and bioenergy production in the western United States 2007 IUFRO Division 5 Conference Taipei, Taiwan Sawmill residue utilization ► California ……. 98.1 % utilized ► Idaho…………..99.8 % utilized Source: Morgan et al. 2004

13. Biomass utilization and bioenergy production in the western United States 2007 IUFRO Division 5 Conference Taipei, Taiwan Sawmill residue utilization ► Montana timber processing industries: > 1.5 million OD tons in 2004 ► 2.2 million OD tons consumed by residue-utilizing firms ► excess residues (0.7 million OD tons) by out-of-state sources or by Montana facilities processing timber into fuel Keegan and Morgan (2005)

14. Biomass utilization and bioenergy production in the western United States 2007 IUFRO Division 5 Conference Taipei, Taiwan Sawmill efficiency and lumber recovery ► western sawmills have become larger and more efficient (regional timber harvests have fallen) ► lumber recovery (Scribner) in Idaho increased by 39% between 1979 and 2001 (Morgan et al. 2004b) ► in 2004, average lumber recovery greater in the U.S. west than any of the other 7 regions (Spelter and Alderman 2005)

15. Small scale thermal- “Fuels for Schools” (status 2006) StateIn operationUnder construction Montana ---- 4 ----------------------- 8 Idaho ---- 1 ----------------------- 1 Nevada ---- 1 ----------------------- 1 North Dakota -- 0 ----------------------- 1 2007 IUFRO Division 5 Conference Taipei, Taiwan Biomass utilization and bioenergy production in the western United States

16. Small scale thermal- “Fuels for Schools” Darby, MT schools ► thinning ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir forests in western Montana could generate about 10 green tons of wood residue per acre (20- to 30-year treatment cycles) ► Darby, Montana school system * burns 700 green tons of biomass / year * requires about 2,000 acres of forest to sustain it 2007 IUFRO Division 5 Conference Taipei, Taiwan

17. ► New Advances in Wood Energy 2007 IUFRO Division 5 Conference Taipei, Taiwan Biomass utilization and bioenergy production in the western United States BIOMAX System-electrical energy ► currently used successfully with units ranging from 5 kW to 15kW (50 kW to 100 kW units are under development) Zerbe (2006)

18. 2007 IUFRO Division 5 Conference Taipei, Taiwan Biomass utilization and bioenergy production in the western United States BIOMAX System-electrical energy A theoretical 1,000 kW Biomax system could operate profitably: ► southern Oregon location ► tax credits available ► merchantable logs removed with biomass during forest thinnings sold at $175 per 1,000 board feet to offset harvesting costs Bilek et al. (2005)

19. 2007 IUFRO Division 5 Conference Taipei, Taiwan Biomass utilization and bioenergy production in the western United States BIOMAX System-small scale electrical energy Efficiency ► Fixed bed downdraft gasifier ► Waste heat dries wood chips to about 25% MC Economics ► Estimated payback period of 3.1 years for a system operating 16 hours per day, 300 days per year (assuming $0.12 per kWh electricity) USDA Forest Service (2004)

20. 2007 IUFRO Division 5 Conference Taipei, Taiwan Biomass utilization and bioenergy production in the western United States Wood energy harvesters / bundlers ► compact and bundle wood into bales (approx. 0.5 tons each) ► used successfully in Europe ► production of 20 to 30 bales per hour ► noted for low soil compaction ► expensive (about $450,000 each)

21. 2007 IUFRO Division 5 Conference Taipei, Taiwan Biomass utilization and bioenergy production in the western United States Slope – biomass harvests ► restoration thinnings for ponderosa pine forests evaluated ► on slopes < 35 percent, net revenues of $950 per acre were possible when a roundwood-pulpwood market was present ► on steeper slopes requiring cable-yarding, subsidies of $300 - $600 per acre needed Fiedler et al. (1999)

22. 2007 IUFRO Division 5 Conference Taipei, Taiwan Biomass utilization and bioenergy production in the western United States Bioenergy plant locations ► Fried et al. (2003) examined 6,200 FIA plots over a 28 million acre area in Oregon and California ► four 50 MW biomass electrical plants could be strategically placed ► fuel treatments yield 75, 79, or 94 million green tons depending on scenario used (Fried et al. 2005) ► > 50 % of the forested acres in study area inaccessible for fuel treatments (Fried and Christensen 2004)

23. 2007 IUFRO Division 5 Conference Taipei, Taiwan Biomass utilization and bioenergy production in the western United States Biomass utilization barriers (“Billion Ton Initiative”) (Perlack et al. 2005) ► poor accessibility, including steep slopes and environmentally sensitive areas ► marketing larger-diameter trees for higher value products, separately from biomass products ► transportation costs (typically $0.20 to $0.60 per dry ton-mile) ► environmental impacts from fuel treatment operations ► high harvesting costs

24. 2007 IUFRO Division 5 Conference Taipei, Taiwan Biomass utilization and bioenergy production in the western United States Hazard fuel removals- sustainable fuel supplies ► > 5.5 million acres of U.S. federal lands have been treated in western states (National Fire Plan 2006) ► includes prescribed fire and mechanical treatments within wildland- urban interface zones and other areas (2003 – 2006) ► for successful bioenergy development, biomass removals will need to occur over longer time frames (often > 20 years) to recover capital costs (189 stewardship contracts in western states)

25. 2007 IUFRO Division 5 Conference Taipei, Taiwan Biomass utilization and bioenergy production in the western United States Trends and opportunities ► harvesting higher-value timber along with biomass to create favorable economics ► innovative uses of small-diameter trees to offset harvesting costs ■ rustic furniture ■ posts and poles ■ wood shavings (LeVan-Green, Livingston 2001). ► emerging technologies to improve harvesting economics ■ wood-plastic composites (Yadama and Shook 2005) ■ TimTek scrimber process (Sheriff 1998, Jarck and Sanderson 2000) ► more efficient logging practices will likely generate less biomass residue per volume of harvested wood product (Haynes 2003)