1. Using Input Output Models for Policy Making September 29-30, 2006 Thijs ten Raa Tilburg University the Netherlands tenRaa@UvT.nl

2. Use and Make Matrices u ij represents the amount of commodity i used by industry j v ij represents the amount of commodity i made by industry j v ij - u ij is the net output of commodity i produced by industry j Summing over industries: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Summing over commodities: Gross Domestic Income (GDI) Leontief: Balans narodnogo khoziaistva SSSR metodologicheskii razbor rabotii TSSU Planovoe Khoziaistvo 12, 254-58 (1925)

3. Input-output coefficients U = AV + ε Regress the inputs on the outputs Estimate the coefficients, including their confidence intervals Need at least as many observations (firms or industries) as commodities Published use and make tables have less industries than commodities Then how construct input-output coefficients?

4. IO Analysis without the A-matrix Productivity analysis: Find potential output preserving the composition of final demand

5. The Lagrange multipliers Tell by how much potential output increases if you add a unit to the factor constraint Hence they are the factor productivities Add over factors: (Total) Frontier Productivity FP Its growth rate can be seen to be equal to the residual between potential output growth and factor input growth It can be decomposed in industry Solow Residuals plus the terms of trade effect: FP = SR + TT Total Factor Productivity growth TFP is the residual between actual output growth and factor input growth TFP = FP + EC = SR + TT + EC, where EC = -(du/dt)/u

6. The Canadian economy 1962-19741974-19811981-1991 SR1.7-1.3-0.3 TT0.70.53.8 EC-0.60.9-3.7 TFP1.80.1-0.1

7. Further IO Analysis without the A-matrix Impact of free trade: Comparative advantage and adjustment Efficiency analysis of firms, industries and the national economy Measurement of competition and its effect on performance Neoclassical economists argue it is positive, Schumpeter argues it is negative. The evidence is insignificant. IO Analysis decomposes departures from competition in labor rent and capital rent. Opposite effects! ten Raa The Economics of Input-Output Analysis Cambridge University Press 2005