1. In-Class Case Study: Clean Air Regulation Scott Matthews Lecture 18 Nov 12, 2003 12-706 / 73-359

2. New Type of Problem zHandout of Tables included zWhat happens when we cannot/will not monetize all aspects of a BCA? yExample: what if we are evaluating policies where a benefit is lives or injuries saved? yHow do we place a value on these benefits? yAre there philosophical problems?

3. In-Class Case Study zConsider this ‘my example’ of how to do a project for this class (if relevant) zTopical issue, using course techniques zAs we discuss, think about whether you would do it differently, be interested in other things, etc. zMetrics for this case are ugly (literally): morbidity and mortality for human health zEffectively I ‘redo’ a published government report with different data

4. Background of CAA zEnacted in 1970 to protect and improve air quality in the US yEPA was just being born yHad many sources - mobile and stationary yCAA goal : reducing source emissions yCars have always been a primary target yAcid rain and ozone depletion zAmended in 1977 and 1990 y1990 CAAA added need for CBA (retro/pro)

5. History of Lead Emissions zOriginally, there was lead in gasoline zStudies found negative health effects zTailpipe emissions (burning gas) were seen as a primary source of lead zRegulations called for phaseout of lead yWe have also attempted to reduce lead/increase awareness in paints, etc. zToday, new cars must run on ‘unleaded’ gasoline (anyone remember both?)

6. Construction of Analyses zEstimate emissions reduced since 1970 yFor major criteria pollutants (SO2, NOX,…) yEstimated ‘no control’ scenario since 1970 yEstimated expected emissions without CAA yCompared to ‘actual emissions’ (measured) yFound ‘net estimated reduced emissions’ zAssumed no changes in population distribution, economic structure (hard) zModeled 1975/80/85/90, interpolated

7. Analyses (cont.) zEstimated costs of CAA compliance yDone partially with PACE data over time yAlso run through a macroeconomic model zWith reduced emissions, est. health effects yLarge sample of health studies linking ‘reduced emissions of x’ with asthma, stroke, death,.. yUsed ‘value of effects reduced’ as benefits y26 ‘value of life studies’ for reduced deaths yDoes a marginal amount of pollution by itself kill?

8. Value of Life Studies Used zActually should be calling these ‘studies of consumer WTP to avoid premature death’ yFive were ‘contingent valuation’ studies yOthers estimated wage/risk premiums zMean of studies = $4.8 million (1990$) yStandard dev = $3.2 million ($1990) yMin $600k, Max $13.5 million ($1990)

9. Putting everything together zHad Benefits in terms of ‘Value from reducing deaths and disease’ in dollars zHad costs seen from pollution control zUse min/median/max ranges zConvert everything into $1990, get NB zMedian estimated at $22 trillion ($1990)! y$2 trillion from reducing lead y 75% from particulates zIs this the best/only way to show results?

10. ‘Wish List’ - added analysis zDisaggregate benefits and costs by pollutant (e.g. SO2) and find NB yCould then compare to existing cost- effectiveness studies that find ‘$/ton’ zDisaggregate by source- mobile/stationary yCould show more detailed effects of regulating point vs. non-point sources yHas vehicle regulation been cost-effective? zWhy did they perhaps NOT do these?

11. My Own Work zI replicated analysis by using only median values, assumed they were exp. Value zIs this a fair/safe assumption? zSee Table 3

12. Implied Results

13. Recall Externality Lecture zExternal / social costs yA measure of the costs borne by society but not reflected in the prices of goods zCan determine externality costs by other methods - how are they found? ySimilar to health effects above, but then explicitly done on a $/ton basis

14. Compare to other studies zLarge discrepancies between literature and EPA results! zUsing numbers above, median NB = $1 T

15. Source Category Analysis zUsing ‘our numbers’, mobile and stationary source benefits (not NB) nearly equal ($550B each in $92) zSee Tables 12 and 13 for costs and NB zUp to 1982, stationary NB > mobile zAfter 1982, mobile >> stationary

16. Final Thoughts zEPA was required to do an analysis of effectiveness of the CAA zTheir results seem to raise more questions than they answer zThe additional measures we showed are interesting and deserve attention zQuestions intent of EPA’s analysis