2. The Yeoman Farmer Ideal of the Jeffersonian Republic Ideal of the Jeffersonian Republic Independent farmer beholden to no boss Independent farmer beholden to no boss Owned his own land (were some women farmers, but not celebrated like the men) Did not work for wages: Wage Slavery seen as a type of dependency and weakness To Jefferson, only the independent man could be a reliable citizen of a democracy

3. Pittsburgh, PA, factories c. 1850 Southern Cotton Fields c. 1850

4. Philadelphia Centennial Exposition, 1876

5. Memorial Hall

6. Agricultural Hall, exterior and interior

7. Machinery Hall

8. U.S. made cannons on display outside the Machinery Hall

9. Corliss Steam Engine in the “Machinery Hall” of the Philadelphia Fair, 1876: 1400 horsepower 1.7 million lbs

10. American Industrialization Antebellum period, U.S. a nation of small farmers and shopkeepers scattered over large area After the war, nation becomes increasingly centralized, urbanized, and interlinked Lincoln president of a rural agrarian republic; Teddy Roosevelt will be president of an urban industrial republic

11. American Industrialization Shift from artisans and local small manufacturing to the Factory System Make more and more materials of everyday life Make more and more materials of everyday life Increasing numbers of Americans work for wages in factories Increasing numbers of Americans work for wages in factories Exploitation of abundant natural resources of the nation—especially the American West Discover vast reserves of copper in Montana, for example Discover vast reserves of copper in Montana, for example 1870: Agricultural production surpasses industrial production by $500 million By 1900, industrial output has quadrupled and surpasses agriculture by $5 billion By 1900, industrial output has quadrupled and surpasses agriculture by $5 billion Population booms, doubles between 1865-1901, approx. 38 million to 77 million

12. Crowded dirty streets of the New York City ghettoes, c. 1900

13. John Gast, American Progress, 1872

14. Thomas Edison with early phonograph, 1878

15. Thomas Edison at age 14

16. Telegraph operators for the Northern Pacific Railway, c. 1905

17. New York City, c. 1880

18. Edison’s ticker tape invention, 1869

19. Edison’s Menlo Park, New Jersey, Laboratory, c. 1885

20. Original Edison phonograph, 1877

21. Edison’s 1879 Light bulb

22. Nikola Tesla with his massive Tesla Coil George Westinghouse

23. The Edison-backed AC electric chair

24. Illustrations of the Edison Kinetoscope

25. Pennsylvania Coke Company with Railroads, c. 1880

26. Creation U.S. Railroads First U.S. trains built in 1830s Small, locally operated, inefficient Small, locally operated, inefficient Prone to accidents and breakdowns Prone to accidents and breakdowns Transport very inefficienct: All have different gauges and demand repeated transfers Transport very inefficienct: All have different gauges and demand repeated transfers Wide desire for a Transcontinental line Far too costly for any existing railroad company to build Far too costly for any existing railroad company to build Federal government build? No, subsidize private companies with land grants No, subsidize private companies with land grants

27. U.S. gives private companies 200-400 acres of public land for every mile of track built Railroads become second largest land holders in the American West

28. Completion of the Union-Pacific Transcontinental railroad, 1869

29. Union Pacific Locomotive

30. Rationalization of American RRs One option: Government ownership and control Instead, allow and essentially encourage private consolidation—decrease in competition Leads to creation of first modern corporations, heavily capitalized by large public stock sales Massive consolidation of industry 1870: Several hundred railroads 1870: Several hundred railroads 1900: Seven railroad corporations 1900: Seven railroad corporations Demands of efficient operations increasingly incorporates Americans in the railroad system: Workers linked into a bureaucratic hierarchy Workers linked into a bureaucratic hierarchy Distant farmers depend on for access to urban markets Distant farmers depend on for access to urban markets All Americans become part of the Railroad time zones created in 1883 All Americans become part of the Railroad time zones created in 1883

31. Industrialization and Corporations: Large corporations needed to create industrial systems of electricity and railroads Americans increasingly “incorporated” into these systems Dependent on railroad time Dependent on railroad time Farmers need for shipping Farmers need for shipping Growing number of people work for big business Growing number of people work for big business Corporations becoming very powerful, perhaps as much so as the Government The Big Question: Is this a threat to democracy? The Big Question: Is this a threat to democracy?

32. Questions?