1. “Women, Minorities And War: The Impact Of Wartime Mobilization On Political Rights in Europe, 1900-1955 ” Interstate War Political Rights David Rousseau and Bruce Newsome

2. Relationship to Prior Work Project #1 Democracy and War: Forthcoming Stanford. Project #2 “Identifying Threats and Threatening Identities”: Under Review. Project #3 Military Conflict and Political Rights Democracy War (-) Shared Identity Threat Perception (-) Military Conflict Democracy Identity

3. Conflicting Hypotheses Garrison State School Extraction School War (-) Political Rights War (+) Political Rights Tilly: War Made the State. But What Type of State?

4. Impact of War on Specific Groups Females Majority Males Minority Males Direct vs. Indirect Participation

5. Measuring Political Rights Individual Rights I) Right to Hold Office II) Right to Form Political Parties III) Right to Vote in National Elections IV) Freedom of Expression Collective Rights I. Free and Fair Elections II. Legislative Power Over the Executive III. Rule of Law IV. Military Intervention in Society Code for Majority Males, Women, and Minority Males

6. Example of Political Rights Coding Rules III) Right to Vote in National Elections: 3) Unrestricted: All adults in the sub-population have the right to vote in national elections. 2) Slightly Restricted: Although most adults have the right to vote in national elections, there are some restrictions. These restrictions affect no more than 20% of the sub-population. 1)Substantially Restricted: The right to vote in national elections is severely curtailed. Due to numerous types of restrictions, the percentage of the sub-population eligible to vote in national elections falls between 20% and 80%. 0) Extremely Restricted: The right to vote in national elections is restricted to less than 20% of the sub-population.

7. Research Design New Data Set: 24 European States, 1900-1955 Measuring Military Conflict a) Cumulative Battle Deaths and Number of Militarized Disputes b) Lagged Troop Mobilization Competing Explanations a) Domestic & International Suffrage Movement b) Diffusion of Ideas c) Economic Development d) Power of the Left in Society

8. Bivariate Results: Collective Rights Free and Fair Elections ------------------------------------------------------- DecreasedNoIncreased RightsChangeRights ----------------------- Peacetime2%97%1% Wartime8%89%3% Just After War4%88%8% N=1141; Chi Square (4)=47.0; Probability =.000 Similar: Rule of Law, Legislative Power, and Military Intervention

9. Graphical Results: Individual Rights

11. Conclusions Conclusions: 1) During War Political Rights Contract 2) After High Mobilization Political Rights Expand 3) Direct Participation by Women Not Required Future Research 1) Expand the Spatial & Temporal Domain 2) Greater Differentiation of Minorities 3) More Sophisticated Modeling of the “J-Curve” 4) Case Studies and Oral Histories

12. OLD SLIDES BELOW

13. Relationship to Prior Work Democracy and War: Institutions, Norms, and the Evolution of International Conflict. Forthcoming Stanford. Project #1: “Identifying Threats and Threatening Identities: The Social Construction of Realism and Liberalism.” Under Review. Project #2: Military Conflict and Political RightsProject #3:

14. War and State Building Technological Innovation in Warfare Expansion in the Size of Armies Desperate Need for Revenue Mobilize Fiscal Resources: Expand Tax System Mobilize Human Resources: Recruit Mercenaries and later Conscripts Expand Coercive Apparatus Tactical Innovations in Warfare