1. 13. Traits

2. Selected literature  Cook. Interfaces and Specifications for the Smalltalk-80 Collection Classes. OOPSLA 1992  Taivalsaari. On the Notion of Inheritance. ACM Computing Surveys, September 1996.  Black, et al. Applying Traits to the Smalltalk Collection Hierarchy. OOPSLA 2003  Ducasse, et al. Traits: A Mechanism for fine-grained Reuse. ACM TOPLAS, March 2006.  Cassou, et al. Traits at Work: the design of a new trait-based stream library. JCLSS 2009 © Oscar Nierstrasz Traits 2 http://scg.unibe.ch/scgbib?query=stlit-traits

3. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.3 Roadmap  Why traits?  Traits in a Nutshell  Case study — Streams  Traits in Pharo  Future of Traits

4. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.4 Roadmap  Why traits?  Traits in a Nutshell  Case study — Streams  Traits in Pharo  Future of Traits

5. Problem: how to share behaviour across class hierarchies? © Oscar Nierstrasz Traits 5 There are hundreds of methods we would like RectangleMorph to inherit from both Rectangle and Morph

6. The trouble with Single Inheritance  Where to put the shared behaviour? —Sharing too high ⇒ inappropriate methods must be “cancelled”  Duplicating code —Impacts maintenance  Delegate —Ugly boilerplate delegation code © Oscar Nierstrasz Traits 6

7. The trouble with Multiple Inheritance  Conflicts must be resolved —Implicit resolution leads to fragility when refactoring  No unique super class —Must explicitly name super methods to compose them  Diamond problem —What to do about features inherited along two paths? © Oscar Nierstrasz Traits 7 an IdentitySet(#topRight #align:with: #right: #leftCenter #bottom #center #height #right #topCenter #extent #bottomCenter #topLeft #width #printOn: #containsPoint: #left #top #intersects: #bottomLeft #bottom: #bottomRight #top: #left: #rightCenter) Rectangle selectors select: [:s | Morph selectors includes: s] Rectangle selectors select: [:s | Morph selectors includes: s]

8. Mixins extend single inheritance with features that can be mixed into a class © Oscar Nierstrasz Traits 8

9. The trouble with Mixins  Mixins are composed linearly to resolve conflicts —Conflict resolution is sensitive to mixin composition order —Composing entity has no control!  Fragile hierarchy —Changes may impact distant classes © Oscar Nierstrasz Traits 9

10. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.10 Roadmap  Why traits?  Traits in a Nutshell  Case study — Streams  Traits in Pharo  Future of Traits

11. Traits are parameterized behaviours  A trait —provides a set of methods —requires a set of methods —may be composed of other traits  Traits do not specify any state! © Oscar Nierstrasz Traits 11 = aRectangle ^ self species = aRectangle species and: [self origin = aRectangle origin] and: [self corner = aRectangle corner] = aRectangle ^ self species = aRectangle species and: [self origin = aRectangle origin] and: [self corner = aRectangle corner]

12. Class = superclass + state + traits + glue © Oscar Nierstrasz Traits 12 The class retains full control of the composition

13. Both traits and classes can be composed of traits © Oscar Nierstrasz Traits 13 Trait named: #NSTPuttablePositionableStream uses: NSTPuttableStream + NSTPositionableStream category: 'Nile-Base-Traits' Trait named: #NSTPuttablePositionableStream uses: NSTPuttableStream + NSTPositionableStream category: 'Nile-Base-Traits' Object subclass: #NSTextStream uses: NSTPuttablePositionableStream + NSTCharacterWriting instanceVariableNames: 'collection position writeLimit readLimit' classVariableNames: '' poolDictionaries: '' category: 'Nile-Clients-TextStream' Object subclass: #NSTextStream uses: NSTPuttablePositionableStream + NSTCharacterWriting instanceVariableNames: 'collection position writeLimit readLimit' classVariableNames: '' poolDictionaries: '' category: 'Nile-Clients-TextStream'

14. Trait composition rules 1. Class methods take precedence over trait methods 2. Conflicts are resolved explicitly 3. Traits can be flattened away © Oscar Nierstrasz Traits 14

15. Class methods take precedence over trait methods © Oscar Nierstrasz Traits 15 RectangleMorph>>printOn: prevails over Morph>>printOn:

16. Trait composition rules 1. Class methods take precedence over trait methods 2. Conflicts are resolved explicitly 3. Traits can be flattened away © Oscar Nierstrasz Traits 16

17. Conflicts are resolved explicitly © Oscar Nierstrasz Traits 17 RectangleMorph subclass: #Morph uses: TRectangle @ {#rectanglePrintOn: -> #printOn:} – {#align:with:. #topRight. … } instanceVariableNames: '' classVariableNames: '' poolDictionaries: '' category: 'Morphic-TraitsDemo' RectangleMorph subclass: #Morph uses: TRectangle @ {#rectanglePrintOn: -> #printOn:} – {#align:with:. #topRight. … } instanceVariableNames: '' classVariableNames: '' poolDictionaries: '' category: 'Morphic-TraitsDemo' Aliasing introduces an additional name for a method Exclusion removes a method from a trait

18. Trait composition rules 1. Class methods take precedence over trait methods 2. Conflicts are resolved explicitly 3. Traits can be flattened away © Oscar Nierstrasz Traits 18

19. Traits can be flattened away © Oscar Nierstrasz Traits 19 A class using traits is equivalent to class that defines those traits locally

20. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.20 Roadmap  Why traits?  Traits in a Nutshell  Case study — Streams  Traits in Pharo  Future of Traits Cassou, et al. Traits at Work: the design of a new trait-based stream library. JCLSS 2009.

21. The trouble with Streams © Oscar Nierstrasz Traits 21 unused state methods too high copying canceling reimplementation

22. The Nile core © Oscar Nierstrasz Traits 22

23. Nile Stream classes © Oscar Nierstrasz Traits 23 no methods too high no copying no unused state no reimplementation limited canceling

24. Other Nile Stream classes © Oscar Nierstrasz Traits 24

25. Assessment  High reuse achieved —40% less code in Stream hierarchy  More general abstractions —Streams on any Collection —With equal or better performance  Design traits around abstractions, not reuse —Avoid too fine-grained traits  Traits or classes? —Prefer classes — use traits to resolve design conflicts © Oscar Nierstrasz Traits 25

26. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.26 Roadmap  Why traits?  Traits in a Nutshell  Case study — Streams  Traits in Pharo  Future of Traits

27. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Understanding Classes and Metaclasses 12.27 Traits in Pharo  Language Extension —Extended the language kernel to represent traits —Modified the compilation process for classes built from traits  No changes to the VM —Essentially no runtime performance penalty —Except indirect instance variable access —But: This is common practice anyway  No duplication of source code —Only byte-code duplication when installing methods

28. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Understanding Classes and Metaclasses 12.28 Traits in Pharo 1.0 Object subclass: #Behavior uses: TPureBehavior @ { #basicAddTraitSelector:withMethod: -> #addTraitSelector:withMethod: } instanceVariableNames: 'superclass methodDict format traitComposition localSelectors' classVariableNames: 'ObsoleteSubclasses' poolDictionaries: '' category: 'Kernel-Classes'

29. OmniBrowser supports trait browsing and navigation © Oscar Nierstrasz Traits 29 navigationbrowsingrequired methods

30. Traits can be manipulated from the browser © Oscar Nierstrasz Traits 30

31. Traits and Classes share common behaviour Traits 31

32. Can classes share compiled methods from traits? © Oscar Nierstrasz Traits 32 Two problems: 1.super is statically bound 2.compiled methods know their class ⇒ methods are copied to method dictionaries when they are installed

33. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.33 Roadmap  Why traits?  Traits in a Nutshell  Case study — Streams  Traits in Pharo  Future of Traits

34. The future of Traits  Stateful traits —some experimental solutions …  Tool support —limited browser support in Pharo  Automatic refactoring —some experiments with formal concept analysis  Pure trait-based language —can traits and classes be unified?  Traits in other languages —Perl, Scala, Fortress, … © Oscar Nierstrasz Traits 34

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