1. 1 Encoding: Getting Information in Module 25

2. 2 Automatic Processing Enormous amount of information is processed effortlessly by us, like: 1.Space: encode place of a picture on a page. 2.Time: We unintentionally note the events that take place in a day. 3.Frequency: You effortlessly keep track of things that happened to you.

3. 3 Effortful Processing Novel information requires effort, like learning a concept from a text. Spencer Grant/ Photo Edit © Bananastock/ Alamy

4. 4 Rehearsal Effortful learning requires rehearsal or conscious repetition. Ebbinghaus studied rehearsal by using nonsense syllables: TUV YOF GEK XOZ Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909) http://www.isbn3-540-21358-9.de

5. 5 Rehearsal

6. 6 Memory Effects 1.Next-in-line-Effect: When your recall is better for what other people say but poor for a person just before you in line. 2.Spacing Effect: We retain information better when our rehearsal is distributed over time. 3.Serial Position Effect: When your recall is better for first and last items, but poor for middle items on a list.

7. 7 Spacing Effect Distributed rehearsal (spacing effect) is better than massed practice. ACQUAINTED WITH THE NIGHT Robert Frost I have been one acquainted with the night. I have walked out in rain — and back in rain. I have outwalked the furthest city light. …

8. 8 Serial Position Effect 1.TUV 2.ZOF 3.GEK 4.WAV 5.XOZ 6.TIK 7.FUT 8.WIB 9.SAR 10.POZ 11.REY 12.GIJ (Primacy Effect) Better recall (Recency Effect) Better recall Poor recall

9. 9 What We Encode 1.Encoding by meaning 2.Encoding by images 3.Encoding by organization

10. 10 Encoding Meaning Q: Did the word begin with a capital letter? Structural Encoding Q: Did the word rhyme with the word “weight”? Q: Would the word fit in the sentence? He met a __________ in the street. Phonemic Encoding Semantic Encoding “Whale” Craik and Lockhart (1972) Intermediate Deep Shallow

11. 11 Results

12. 12 Visual Encoding Mental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid especially when combined with semantic encoding. Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it. Both photos: Ho/AP Photo

13. 13 Mnemonics Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids. Mnemonic techniques that use vivid imagery in aiding memory. 1.Method of Loci 2.Link Method 3.Pegword Method

14. 14 Method of Loci List of Items Charcoal Pens Bed Sheets Hammer. Rug Imagined Locations Backyard Study Bedroom Garage. Living Room

15. 15 Link Method Involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them together. List of Items Newspaper Shaving cream Pen Umbrella. Lamp

16. 16 Pegword Method One is a bun Two is a shoe Three is a tree Four is a door Five is a hive Six is sticks Seven is heaven Eight is a gate Nine is a swine Ten is a hen

17. 17 A simple mnemonic device is to think of a short story or image that will remind you of what you need to remember. Here you might think of images to help remember functions of different brain areas.

18. 18 Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories. Organizing Information for Encoding 1.Chunking 2.Hierarchy

19. 19 Chunking Organizing items into familiar, manageable unit. Try to remember the number below. 1-7-7-6-1-4-9-2-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1 chunk the number and see if you can recall it easier. 1776 1492 1812 1941.

20. 20 Acronyms HOMES = Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior PEMDAS = Parentheses, Exponent, Multiply, Divide, Add, Subtract ROY G. BIV = Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet

21. 21 Hierarchy Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories.

22. 22 Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy