1. (Norway)(Alberta, CA)

3. Craseonycteris thonglonyai Bumblebee bat <2 grams Balaenoptera musculus Blue whale 200 Million grams

4. Gliding species (e.g., Pataurus breviceps) Sugar Glider Saltatorial species (e.g., Dipodomys ordi) Kangaroo Rat

5. Arboreal forms (e.g., Choloepus hoffmanni) Two toed sloth Myrmecophagous forms (e.g., Orycteropus afer) Aardvark Fossorial forms (e.g., Thomomys bottae) Botta’s pocket gopher

6. Soft Anatomy- Eleven Characters Macaca fascicularis (long-tailed macaque)

8. ***Fish, reptiles, amphibians

9. 1.*Lactogeneic (with mammary glands) 2. Viviparous (monotremes are an exception) 3. *Hair (Cuticular scales, cortex, medulla ) 4. *Sweat and *Sebaceous glands 5. Endothermic 6. Four-chambered heart (complete separation of pulmonary and systemic circulation) 7. *Annucleate Red Blood Cells 8. *Separate renal artery and vein – no renal portal system. 9. *Muscular Diaphragm 10. *Facial muscles (derived from ancestral constrictor coli, which itself evolved from interhyoideus) 11. Expanded cerebrum (from *dorsal pallium)

10. Hard Anatomy I- Eight Cranial Characters

12. From Animal Diversity WebAnimal Diversity Web

13. From Animal Diversity WebAnimal Diversity Web Hydropotes inermis (Chinese water deer)

14. 1. Double occipital condyle 2. *Altas/Axis complex- modified for head rotation 3. *Tympanic bone present (derived from angular) 4. *Three ear ossicles. Malleus (from articular), incus (from, quadrate), stapes (ancestral) 5. *Jaw bone reduced to dentary only. 6. External Nares 7. Secondary Palate 8. Respiratory tubinates

15. Hard Anatomy I- Five Dental Characters Pongo pygmaeus (Bornean orangutan)

17. 1. Lack palatal teeth 2. *Diphyodont (vs. monophyodont or polyhyodont) 3. Thecodont (vs. acrodont, pleurodont) 4. Heterodont (vs. homodont) 5. *Multicuspate (vs. unicuspate)

18. Hard Anatomy III- Axial characters Hylobates muelleri (Borneo gibbon)

19. 2. Ribs restricted to thoracic vertebrae 1. *Vertebral column ‘regionalized’ 7 or 9 12 or 13 varies

20. Hard Anatomy IV- Apendicular Skeleton

22. No anterior/posterior coracoids, or interclavicle (except for monotremes)

24. 1.*Limbs have an epiphysis 2.*Calcaneum present (insertion point for Achilles tendon) 3.# of bones reduced in limb girdles 4.Limbs rotate under body