2. Cells The Components of Cells A. Chemical Constituents of Cells B. Biomolecules C. Organelles D. Cell Division E. Cellular interactions F. Stem Cells

3. The Components of cells 1. Prokaryotes: Archaea Bacteria 2. Eukaryotes: Eukarya Organelles Two Cell Types/ Three Domains of Life 2 um 20 um

4. A. Chemical Constituents of Cells CHNOPS

5. Chemical Constituents of Cells Carbon atoms form the backbone of all biomolecules.

6. B. Biomolecules 1. carbohydrates monosaccharides disaccharides polysaccharides cellulose sucrose starch lactose

7. Questions What role does carbon play in living systems? a.It connects building blocks of biomolecules together b.It is a main energy source for all living systems c.It combines with water to make carbohydrates d.It forms the backbone of all biomolecules Which of the following carbohydrates requires an enzyme to break down which is lacking in most adults? a. Sucroseb. Starch c. Lactose d. Glucose

8. 2. Lipids Saturated versus unsaturated Fats Steroids Fatty acids precursor Cholesterol makes fat sticky Testosterone Estrogen Stress hormones

9. Cholesterol makes fat sticky Blocked arteries

10. Preventing heart disease Top 5 healthiest foods 1. Cold water fish 2. Beans and peas 3. Oatmeal 4. Soy products 5. Olive oil

11. Questions Which statement about cholesterol is NOT true? a.It is important for cell membrane stabilization b.It is a precursor to the sex hormones c.It is a necessary component of our diet d.It is only found in animals Which of the following is a key to preventing heart disease? a.Choose your parents carefully b.Exercise c.Eat cold water fish, beans, oatmeal, and tofu d.All of these are keys to prevent heart disease

12. 3. proteins keratin collagen fibrin hemoglobin Structural Enzymes Hormones Myosin and actin Behind every protein …

13. amino acids

14. Lipoproteins HDL/ LDL/ VLDL Butter, margarine, olive oil Lipoproteins Delivery trucks

15. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) Prions and spongiform encephalopathies PRP gene Genetic resistance in humans Kuru Human Spongiform Encephalopathy

16. Questions Which of the following is NOT true about HDL? a.It carries fat and cholesterol from cells to the liver b.The more the better c.It is the good cholesterol d.All of the above are true Why is HSE not more common? a.Most cases have not yet been diagnosed b.Most people seem to have resistance to it c.The USDA has a foolproof method of detecting contaminated meat d. Not many people eat hamburgers or hot dogs

17. 4. nucleic acids DNA RNA

18. nucleotides Phosphate 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose) Base: A, T, C, G

19. DNA structure and function

20. Self replication and genetic code The two jobs of DNA

21. DNA factoids

22. C. Organelles

23. nucleus

24. Flow of information DNA to mRNA Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi body Export ribosomes

25. Questions Which of the following is the correct sequence for the flow of information from gene to completed protein? 1.Protein modified in ER 2.Bleb from Golgi body released 3.Bleb travels from ER to Golgi body 4.mRNA works with ribosome and tRNA 5.DNA gives information to mRNA a. 1, 3, 5, 2, 4 b. 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 c. 5, 4, 1, 3, 2 d. 5, 4, 1, 2, 3

26. mitochondria ATP ribosomes enzymes DNA Typhus C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 Living examples Respiration:CO 2 + H 2 O fission

27. Questions Which of the following is NOT strong evidence that mitochondria evolved from bacteria? a.Their DNA is like bacteria DNA b.Their ribosomes are like bacteria ribosomes c.They have strong genetic homology with Typhus bacteria d.They look like bacteria e.They reproduce like bacteria

28. D. Cell Division 1.Prokaryote Cell Division 2.Eukaryote Cell Division a.Meiosis, Mitosis, and the Chromosome Number b.Mitosis and the Cell Cycle c.Stages of Mitosis d.Mitosis Animation

29. Fission- prokaryotes

30. Ploidy levels: diploid (2N) and haploid (1N) In mitosis, ploidy level is maintained In meiosis, ploidy level is halved. Human = 46 Chimpanzee = 48 Chicken = 78 Dog = 78 Record > 1000! Meiosis, mitosis, and the chromosome number

31. Mitosis and the cell cycle 10 hours8 hours 5 hours 1 hour

32. Questions If a cell, like a red blood cell, were to stop dividing, what stage of the cell cycle would be terminal for that cell? a. G1b. G2c. Sd. mitotic If a cell that was 4N at the start of meiosis, the end result would be _______ cells. a. 1Nb. 2Nc. 3Nd. 4N

33. Stages of mitosis

35. Questions What is the ploidy of a cell in anaphase of mitosis? a. Haploidb. diploidc. triploidd. quatraploid In what phase do chromosomes line up at the equator? a. metaphaseb. anaphasec. prophased. telophase When attached together, what are the two replicated DNA strands of a single chromosome called? a. centromeres b. chromosomesc. chromatids d. chromatin

36. Mitosis Mitosis animation

37. DNA before and after mitosis

38. Telomeres and telomerase TTAGGG embryos stem cells cancer cells

39. What exactly are telomeres? a.Caps at the ends of chromosomes b.An enzyme that allows cells to keep dividing c.A repeated sequence of nucleotides at the ends of chromosomes d.Structures found only in embryos Which of the following cells do not have telomerase? a.Mature skin cells b.Liver stem cells c.Early embryonic cells d.Cancer cells Questions

40. E. Cell-Cell interactions 1. Signal Transduction

41. E. Cell-Cell interactions 2. Cell surface and immunity: self recognition antigens Auto immune disorders

42. 3.Cell adhesion Epidermolysis Bullosa

43. F. Stem cells

44. E. Stem Cells Adult tissues without adult stem cells?

45. Stem cell research Adult stem cell research Embryo stem cell research

46. Stem cell potential Incompatibility and adult cell cloning Ethics and the law

47. IVF/ PGD and stem cell research

49. Questions How does the ‘PGD technique’ circumvent the ethical issues surrounding the use of embryos in stem cell research? a. it doesn’t b. embryos are not used in any way for this technique c. embryos are not destroyed d. only dead embryos are used What is the advantage of using embryonic stem cells over other types of stems cells? a.They divide more quickly b.There is less controversy in using them c.They are easier to work with d.They are more versatile

50. Questions Even with tissues derived from embryonic stem cells, patients still face the problem of tissue incompatibility. What is one way this could be overcome? a.Use tissues derived from modified PGD b.Use tissues derived from adult stem cells c.Use tissues derived from cloned embryos What is the current federal law regarding embryonic stem cell research? a.There are no restrictions b.Federal funding is allowed only if the embryo is not harmed c.All embryonic stem cell research is illegal d.Embryonic stem cell research is allowed on defective embryos only

51. The end Life of a Cell