1. Average = 76.4 = B- A = 96+ A-=90-95 B+ = 85-89 B= 77-84 B- = 71-76 C+ = 65-70 C= 55-64

2. CHAPTER 16 The Citric Acid Cycle –Cellular respiration –Conversion of pyruvate to activated acetate –Reactions of the citric acid cycle –Regulation of the citric acid cycle –Conversion of acetate to carbohydrate precursors in the glyoxylate cycle Key topics:

3. Only a Small Amount of Energy Available in Glucose is Captured in Glycolysis 2  G’° = -146 kJ/mol Glycolysis Full oxidation (+ 6 O 2 )  G’° = -2,840 kJ/mol 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O GLUCOSE

4. Cellular Respiration process in which cells consume O 2 and produce CO 2 provides more energy (ATP) from glucose than glycolysis also captures energy stored in lipids and amino acids evolutionary origin: developed about 2.5 billion years ago used by animals, plants, and many microorganisms occurs in three major stages: - acetyl CoA production - acetyl CoA oxidation - electron transfer and oxidative phosphorylation

5. Respiration: Stage 1 Generates some: ATP, NADH, FADH 2

7. Respiration: Stage 2 Generates more NADH, FADH 2 and one GTP

9. Respiration: Stage 3 Makes lots of ATP

11. In Eukaryotes, Citric Acid Cycle Occurs in Mitochondria Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm Citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix † Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the inner membrane † Except succinate dehydrogenase, which is located in the inner membrane

14. Sequence of Events in the Citric Acid Cycle Step 1: C-C bond formation to make citrate Step 2: Isomerization via dehydration, followed by hydration Steps 3-4: Oxidative decarboxylations to give 2 NADH Step 5: Substrate-level phosphorylation to give GTP Step 6: Dehydrogenation to give reduced FADH 2 Step 7: Hydration Step 8: Dehydrogenation to give NADH

15. The Citrate Synthase Reaction The only cycle reaction with C-C bond formation Essentially irreversible process

17. Oxidation of  -ketoglutarate Enzyme:  -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex Similar to pyruvate dehydrogenase complex Same coenzymes, identical mechanisms

20. The succinyl-CoA synthetase reaction. 1.A phosphoryl group replaces the CoA of succinyl-CoA bound to the enzyme, forming a high-energy acyl phosphate. 2.The succinyl phosphate donates its phosphoryl group to a His residue of the enzyme, forming a high-energy phosphohistidyl enzyme. 3. The phosphoryl group is transferred from the His residue to the terminal phosphate of GDP (or ADP), forming GTP (or ATP).

22. This is a substrate-level phosphorylation. Name another one… Phosphoglycerate kinase

23. This is a reversible reaction!!! What other NTP generating reaction is irreversible? Animal cells have another isozyme that uses ATP

24. Nucleotide diphosphate kinase GTP + ADP ↔ ATP + GDP ΔG o ’ = 0

25. The succinyl-CoA synthetase reaction. Active site of succinyl- CoA synthetase of E. coli. The active site includes part of both the α and the β subunits. The power helices place the partial positive charges of their helix dipoles near the phosphate group of P–His246 in the α chain, stabilizing the phosphohistidyl enzyme..

26. Succinate Dehydrogenase Covalently bound FAD is reduced to FADH 2 FADH 2 passes electrons to coenzyme Q Reduced coenzyme (QH 2 ) can be used to make ATP

28. Hydration of Fumarate to Malate Fumarase is highly stereospecific OH - adds to fumarate … then H + adds to the carbanion Net effect: trans addition of water Reversible reaction

30. Not a substrate for this enzyme! Fumarase substrate

32. Oxidation of Malate to Oxaloacetate Thermodynamically unfavorable reaction Oxidation occurs because oxaloacetate concentration is very low as it is continuously used to make citrate

33. Products from One Turn of the Cycle

34. Net Effect of the Citric Acid Cycle Acetyl-CoA + 3NAD + + FAD + GDP + P i + 2 H 2 O 2CO 2 +3NADH + FADH 2 + GTP + CoA + 3H + carbons of acetyl groups in acetyl-CoA are oxidized to CO 2 electrons from this process reduce NAD + and FAD one GTP is formed per cycle, this can be converted to ATP intermediates in the cycle are not depleted

35. COO - CH 3 - +CoASH  CH 3 C=O CoASH When in the TCA cycle would this label be lost as CO 2 ?

37. Let's sing!! http://www.csulb.edu/~cohlberg/songbook. html

38. Lyrics http://books.google.com/books?id=oq9ENyL_d9YC&printsec=frontcover&sou rce=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false

41. Role of the Citric Acid Cycle in Anabolism

42. Anaplerotic Reactions these reactions replenish metabolites for the cycle four carbon intermediates are formed by carboxylation of three-carbon precursors

44. The role of biotin in the reaction catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase. Biotin is attached to the enzyme through an amide bond with the ε-amino group of a Lys residue, forming biotinyl-enzyme. Biotin-mediated carboxylation reactions occur in two phases, generally catalyzed in separate active sites on the enzyme as exemplified by the pyruvate carboxylase reaction.

45. The role of biotin in the reaction catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase. Biotin- mediated carboxylation reactions occur in two phases, generally catalyzed in separate active sites on the enzyme as exemplified by the pyruvate carboxylase reaction. In the first phase (steps 1 to 3), bicarbonate is converted to the more activated CO 2, and then used to carboxylate biotin.

48. The biotin acts as a carrier to transport the CO 2 from one active site to another on an adjacent monomer of the tetrameric enzyme.

49. In the second phase (steps 5 to 7), catalyzed in this second active site, the CO2 reacts with pyruvate to form oxaloacetate.

53. Regulation of the Citric Acid Cycle Role of citrate in glycolysis regulation?

54. Figure 21-25 Regulation of the citric acid cycle. Page 791

56. Glyoxylate Cycle In plants and some other special creatures, Acetyl CoA can serve as a glucose precursor!

57. 2 acetyl groups enter the cycle and four carbons leave as succinate.

63. LEHNINGER PRINCIPLES OF BIOCHEMISTRY Fifth Edition David L. Nelson and Michael M. Cox © 2008 W. H. Freeman and Company CHAPTER 17 Fatty Acid Catabolism

78. “Alfonse, Biochemistry makes my head hurt!!” \