1. 1 PDAs In and Out of the Classroom Doug Vogel Professor (Chair) of IS City University of Hong Kong

2. 2 Technology in Education F Sustaining innovation supporting existing pedagogy –Overhead projectors –PowerPoint slides F Disruptive innovation examples –Internet –PDAs u Sustaining innovation for students u Disruptive innovation for instructors

3. 3 Cultural & Usage Shift

4. 4 Educational Paradigm Shift Campus centered Instructor centric Directed learning Network centered Student centric Experiential learning

5. 5 Lao Tzu F If you tell me, I will listen. F If you show me, I will see. F If you let me experience, I will learn.

6. 6 Unlimited Expansion VGA Camera Bluetooth GPS Wireless Lan Barcode Scanner

7. 7 Portfolio of Mobile Applications F On-the-spot learning materials / quizzes F Taking attendance F Providing classroom feedback F Collaborative learning F Interfacing with Blackboard F Library catalogue search F Edu-tainment F Field trip support

8. 8 In-Class Query / Feedback F Question initiated by instructor F Key in response F Instant collection and feedback to instructor as well as students F Week-to-week performance tracking

9. 9 PDA Demonstration Step 1: PDA – Staff Setup -Activities -Questions -Polling -Voting

10. 10 Step 2: Students in action

11. 11 Step 3: Staff Evaluate Results

12. 12 E-Token System F ‘Created’ by the student tutors F A fun approach to improve motivation and interest –students get an allocation of tokens –they ‘buy’ learning activities –Receive awards for successful completion F Integrated into e-organization –Simulated department store –Multi-disciplinary focus

13. 13

14. 14 Dynamic Crossword Puzzle F Varied Crossword Puzzle topics F Layouts, hints and solutions help crossword performers learn as they perform F Monitoring and tracking of use F Learning evaluation

15. 15 E-organization

16. 16 An Example

17. 17 Build a PC F Make decisions associated with building or purchasing a computer –Different user roles –components based on performance vs. price F On-demand feedback F Graphics and task can be easily customized

18. 18 Collaborative virtual field trips with ability to capture photos

19. 19 LEARNING Social Presence Selecting content Supporting discourse Setting climate Cognitive Presence Teaching Presence Interaction w/ Peers Interaction w/ Content Interaction w/ Instructors Online Interactions Swan, K. (2003) Learning Effectiveness: What the Research Tells Us

20. 20 Initiation F High Profile Opportunities F Vendor Collaboration F Institutional Approval F Test Successes –120+ simultaneous user stress test –Student acceptance –Faculty / instructor buy-in –Embedded into first year IS course –Positive student perceptions

21. 21 PDA Significantly Better (than w/o PDA) F I learnt from other students in class F I considered the ideas of other students F I compared my understanding to that of other students F I practiced what I learnt in the lecture F Satisfaction: “How would you describe the learning process” F Enjoyment: “How would you describe your mood”

22. 22 PDAs in E-organization F Makes the course more interesting, enjoyable and fun F Somewhat useful for understanding and remembering F Better than nothing for motivation and increasing confidence F Questionable for changing learning behaviour F Not especially useful in stimulating students to explore new topics

23. 23 The Rest of the Story F Lots of variation F What some like, others don’t F Need to isolate population segments F Looking for more feedback from instructors F eToken not particularly successful –Not heavily used / Lack of time –Confounded by technical difficulties F No “one size fits all”

24. 24 Other Issues F Authoring Environments F Pedagogically-driven Application Portfolios F Learning Motivation (students and staff) F Instructor Training / Faculty Development F Infrastructure F Interface Standards Learning Management System (LMS) –Integration –Extension

25. 25 Still More Issues F Embedded vs. Non-embedded Use F Curriculum Revision F Policy Formation F “Haves” versus “Have-nots” F Constructive alignment (John Biggs) F Evaluation F Evolution of Pedagogy F Long-term implications

26. 26 Conclusions F Over time, emphasis moves from individual to more systemic initiatives and, ultimately, policy consideration F Key consideration is how to keep faculty effectively engaged as technology changes F PDA use is a sustaining innovation to students but a disruptive innovation to many faculty and institutions F Need to provide special focus on working with instructors in the evolution of pedagogy

27. 27 Think Mobile More than just a technology

28. 28 The future is challenging, but bright!!