1. On using the mouse A brief introduction to LIBGPM: the General Purpose Mouse programming interface

2. Diversity of hardware As with SVGA devices, there are computer mice from a diversity of vendors – and no universal standard hardware design The customary solution: a software layer is created which ‘hides’ hardware differences For Linux platforms, the ‘libgpm’ package provides one such software-layer – though it was intended for text-based applications

3. Example: the PS/2 Mouse X-coordinate data (bits 7..0) Y-coordinate data (bits 7..0) Byte 0 Byte 1 Byte 2 The Mouse Report Format (3 bytes) Left Button down Right Button down Middle Button down 0 X-data sign Y-data sign Y-data over flow X-data over flow 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Other types of computer mice use different report formats with possibly a different number of bytes (e.g., 4 or 5)

4. The Linux “gpm” package It’s a mouse server for the Linux console It “hides” details about mouse hardware Intended for use with text-based programs But we can use it with graphics programs Requires that the gpm daemon is running Type ‘info gpm’ to see official information Also an online article by Pradeep Padala

5. Programming steps Your client application must establish a connection with the gpm server-daemon You need a header-file: #include You declare an important data-structure: Gpm_Connect conn; You will need to initialize its four fields Then you call Gpm_Open( &conn, 0 ); Returns -1 if unsuccessful (otherwise 0)

6. Fields to be initialized conn.eventMask = ~0;// events of interest conn.defaultMask = 0;// to handle for you conn.minMod = 0;// lowest modifier conn.maxMod = ~0;// highest modifer

7. Responding to mouse activity You create your own ‘handler’ function for those mouse events that you wish to act upon Prototype of the handler-function is: int my_handler( Gpm_Event *evt, void *my_data ); To install the handler, use this assignment: gpm_handler = my_handler; Whenever the mouse is moved, or its buttons are pressed or released, your function executes

8. Useful fields in Gpm_Event Gpm_Event*evt; evt->type == 1: // indicates a mouse-move evt->x, evt->y: // current mouse ‘hot-spot’ evt->dx, evt->dy: // changes in position(+/-) NOTE: Remember that GPM was developed for text-based applications, so the hot-spot coordinates are character-cell locations (not graphics-pixel locations)

9. The GPM mouse-event mask LEAVELEAVE ENTERENTER HARDHARD MOVCLKMOVCLK TRIPLETRIPLE DOUBLEDOUBLE SINGLESINGLE UPUP DOWNDOWN DRAGDRAG MOVEMOVE #include Your event-handler function will ‘test’ one or more of these flag-bits to determine what type of state-change the mouse has undergone, so that your application can respond to it in an appropriate manner

10. A typical program loop This loop allows normal keyboard input to continue being processed (e.g., echoed, buffered) while any mouse activities are processed by your handler (or else by a default handler supplied by the daemon) intc; while ( ( c = Gpm_Getc( stdin ) ) != EOF ); Gpm_Close();

11. A simple text-mode demo Pradeep Padala has published a short C program that illustrates ‘barebones’ usage of the gpm package (from Linux Journal) We have adapted his code for C++ Our demo is called ‘trymouse.cpp’ It’s compiled like this: $ g++ trymouse.cpp –lgpm –o trymouse

12. A simple graphics demo We have created a minimal graphics demo It shows how you could use the mouse to move a ‘slider’ object (e.g.,in Pong game) It’s called ‘gpmslide.cpp’ You compile it like this: $ g++ gpmslide.cpp –lgpm –o gpmslide

13. More elaborate graphics demo We also created a more elaborate mouse- demo (called ‘seemouse.cpp’) It defines its own custom mouse-cursor It handles the four most common types of mouse events: –GPM_MOVE –GPM_DOWN –GPM_DRAG –GPM_UP

14. Our mouse cursor We built a 2-color 16-by-16 pixel image ‘0’ = transparent color ‘1’ = background color ‘2’ = foreground color We used an array of character-strings to define our image with only three character-values

15. Our mouse cache Each time we want to draw our cursor, we first copy the existing 16-by-16 pixel-grid that occupies the planned cursor-location Then we can draw our cursor threre When the mouse is moved, we need to ‘erase’ our cursor-image (by copying the saved background there), and then save- and-draw our cursor in the new location

16. In-class exercise #1 Can you create a different cursor-image, based on your own design ideas? Will your design define a different ‘hot-spot’? Will you need to modify the boundaries to keep your cursor from going out-of-view?

17. Demo: ‘persists.cpp’ We created a sound-playing program that plays a continuous tone – until a ‘signal’ is received (asynchronous notification) that the user has pressed the key We used an ‘ioctl’ command to ‘RESET’ the playback device – to stop the tone’s sound almost immediately when our user presses the key

18. In-class exercise #2 Try commenting out the final ‘ioctl’() call in our ‘persists.cpp’ demo, then recompile it and execute that demo again. Does the sound cease immediately? Can you incorporate the sound-effect into our ‘seemouse.cpp’ demo, so that a user can start the tone by pressing the mouse- button, and stop the tone by releasing it?