1. Chapter 8: Introduction to High-Level Language Programming Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition

2. Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 2 Objectives In this chapter, you will learn about Where do we stand? High-level languages Introduction to Java Virtual data storage Statement types

3. Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 3 Objectives (continued) Meeting expectations Managing complexity Object-oriented programming Graphical programming The big picture: Software engineering

4. Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 4 Where Do We Stand? Early days of computing  Programmers were satisfied with assembly language Programs mostly written by very technically oriented people Later decades  Programmers demanded a more comfortable programming environment Programs were now also written by “nontechie” people

5. Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 5 High-Level Languages High-level programming languages  Called third-generation languages  Created to overcome deficiencies of assembly language Expectations of a high-level language program  The programmer need not manage the details of the movement of data items within memory nor exactly where those items are stored

6. Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 6 High-level Languages (continued) Expectations of a high-level language program (continued)  Programmer can take a macroscopic view of tasks; “primitive operations” can be larger  Program will be portable  Programming statements will be closer to standard English and use standard mathematical notation

7. Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 7 Introduction to Java: A Simple Java Program Comments  Give information to human readers of code Class header  Announces that a class is about to be defined Class  A collection of methods Method  A section of code that performs a service

8. Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 8 Figure 8.2 A Simple Java Program

9. Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 9 Running a Java Program File containing the Java code  Same name as the class  File extension.java  Example: TravelPlanner.java Running a Java program  Program compiled Example: File TravelPlanner.class created  Translation to object code completed; program linked, loaded, and executed

10. Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 10 Virtual Data Storage Identifiers  Names in a programming language Keyword  Has a special meaning in Java Java is a case-sensitive, free-format language Variable  A named location in memory  Must be declared before it can be used

11. Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 11 Figure 8.4 Some of the Java Primitive Data Types

12. Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 12 Virtual Data Storage (continued) An array  Groups together a collection of memory locations, all storing data of the same type Figure 8.5 A 12-Element Array Hits

13. Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 13 Statement Types Input/output statements  Input statement Collects a specific value from the user for a variable within the program  Output statement Writes a message or the value of a program variable to the user’s screen or to a file

14. Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 14 Statement Types (continued) Assignment statement  Assigns a value to a program variable Control statement  Directs the flow of control Can cause it to deviate from the usual sequential flow

15. Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 15 Input Statements A prompt  A message that tells the user what kind of input the program wants Console class  Not a standard Java class; written for this book  Can be used to handle both the prompt and the retrieval of the value in one statement

16. Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 16 Input Statements (continued) Methods  readInt  readDouble  readChar Syntax variable1 = Console.readInt(prompt); variable2 = Console.readDouble(prompt); variable3 = Console.readChar(prompt);

17. Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 17 Output Statements Output to the screen System.out.println(string); The string can be  Empty System.out.println();  Literal string System.out.println("Here's your answer." );  Composed of two or more items System.out.println("Give me" + 5);

18. Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 18 The Assignment Statement General form variable = expression; Expression is evaluated first; the result is written into the memory location specified on the left

19. Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 19 The Assignment Statement (continued) Examples B = 2; Suppose that B is an integer variable A = B + C; Suppose that A, B, and C are integer variables Letter = 'm'; Suppose that Letter is a variable of type char

20. Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 20 Control Statements Types of control mechanisms  Sequential Instructions are executed in order  Conditional The choice of which instructions to execute next depends on some condition  Looping A group of instructions may be executed many times

21. Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 21 Control Statements (continued) Sequential is default mode of execution Conditional flow of control  Evaluation of a Boolean condition (also called a Boolean expression)  The programming statement to execute next is based on the value of the Boolean condition (true or false)

22. Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 22 Control Statements (continued) Conditional flow of control (continued)  if-else statement if (Boolean condition) S1; else S2;  if variation of the if-else statement if (Boolean condition) S1;

23. Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 23 Figure 8.10 Conditional Flow of Control (If-Else)

24. Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 24 Figure 8.11 If-Else with Empty Else

25. Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 25 Control Statements (continued) Looping (iteration)  The loop body may be executed repeatedly based on the value of the Boolean condition  while statement while (Boolean condition) S1;

26. Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 26 Figure 8.13 While Loop

27. Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 27 Meeting Expectations Java meets the four expectations for a high-level programming language Expectations  The programmer need not manage the details of the movement of data items within memory nor pay any attention to where specifically they are stored

28. Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 28 Meeting Expectations (continued) Expectations (continued)  The programmer can take a macroscopic view of tasks, thinking at a higher level of problem solving  Programs written in high-level languages will be portable rather than machine-specific  Programming statements in a high-level language Will be closer to standard English Will use standard mathematical notation

29. Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 29 Managing Complexity: Divide and Conquer Divide and conquer  Divide the problem into small pieces  In a computer program Divide the code into modules or subprograms, each of which does some part of the overall task Empower these modules to work together to solve the original problem

30. Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 30 Figure 8.20 Structure Charts

31. Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 31 Using Methods Method  A module of code in Java  Named using ordinary Java identifiers  By custom, name starts with a lowercase letter

32. Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 32 Using Methods (continued) Two types of methods  void method Does not pass any value back to the main method  nonvoid method Returns a single new value back to the main method Overall form of a method invocation class-identifier.method-identifier(argument list)

33. Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 33 Writing Methods General form of the method header scope-indicator return-indicator identifier(parameter list) Arguments in Java are passed by value A variable declared within a method can be used only within that method Return statement  Syntax return expression;

34. Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 34 Figure 8.27 Some Java Terminology

35. Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 35 Object-Oriented Programming: What Is It? Object-oriented programming (OOP)  A program is a simulation of some part of the world that is the domain of interest  Each object is an example drawn from a class of similar objects Key elements of OOP  Encapsulation A class consists of its subtask modules and its properties, and both components are “encapsulated” with the class

36. Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 36 What Is It? (continued) Key elements of OOP (continued)  Inheritance Once a class A of objects is defined, a class B of objects can be defined as a “subclass” of A  Polymorphism One name, the name of the service to be performed, has several meanings, depending on the class of the object providing the service

37. Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 37 Java and OOP Java is an object-oriented programming language Static method  Can be invoked by giving the class name, a dot, the method name, and a list of arguments Objects: Instances of a class Instance variables: Properties Instance methods: Services

38. Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 38 Java and OOP (continued) Syntax to request an object to invoke a method object-identifier.method-identifier(argument list) Calling object  The object that invokes a method

39. Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 39 What Have We Gained? Two major advantages of OOP  Software reuse  A more natural “world view”

40. Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 40 Graphical Programming: Graphics Hardware Bitmapped display  The screen is made up of thousands of individual picture elements, or pixels, laid out in a two- dimensional grid Frame buffer  Memory that stores the actual screen image Terminal hardware displays the frame buffer value of every individual pixel on the screen

41. Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 41 Figure 8.34 Pixel Numbering System in a Bitmapped Display

42. Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 42 Graphics Software Graphics library  Contains a collection of software routines that control the setting and clearing of pixels Abstract Windowing Toolkit (AWT)  Contains routines that allow users to create powerful interfaces Swing components  Even more powerful GUI components than AWT

43. Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 43 Graphics Software (continued) Graphics class  Contains drawing commands that allow you to Draw geometric shapes (lines, rectangles, ovals, polygons, and so on) Set, change, and define colors Fill in or shade objects Create text in a range of fonts and sizes Produce graphs and charts

44. Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 44 The Big Picture: Software Engineering Software life cycle  The overall sequence of steps needed to complete a large-scale software project  Implementation represents a relatively small part of the cycle

45. Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 45 Figure 8.36 Steps in the Software Development Life Cycle

46. Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 46 Scaling Up Programs written by students  No longer than a few hundred lines Real-world programs  2, 3, or 4 orders of magnitude larger Large-scale software development  Extensive planning and design needed  A team of programmers needed  Software engineering

47. Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 47 The Software Life Cycle Each step in the software development life cycle  Has a specific purpose and activities  Should result in a written document The feasibility study Problem specification Program design

48. Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 48 The Software Life Cycle (continued) Algorithm selection or development, and analysis Coding Debugging Testing, verification, and benchmarking Documentation Maintenance

49. Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 49 Modern Environments Integrated Development Environment (IDE) speeds program development by providing  A text editor  A file manager  A compiler  A linker and loader  Tools for debugging

50. Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 50 Summary In a high-level language, the programmer  Need not manage storage nor movement of data values in memory  Can use more powerful program instructions that are more like natural language  Can write a much more portable program Java is an object-oriented, high-level programming language

51. Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 51 Summary (continued) In Java, an if-else statement can be used to create a conditional flow of control In Java, a while loop can be used for iteration Software life cycle: Overall sequence of steps needed to complete a large-scale software project