1. Energy Resources

2. Renewable vs. Nonrenewable Renewable Resources –Resources that are naturally replenished or regenerated over a short time span – it is renewed on a human time scale –i.e. Trees, biofuels (?) Nonrenewable Resources –Resources that are consumed faster than they can be replenished, it is not renewed on a human time scale –i.e. fossil fuels, aluminum, etc.

3. Sources of Energy

4. Nonrenewable sources –Petroleum (38%) –Coal (22%) –Natural Gas (25%) –Nuclear (8%) Renewable sources –Hydroelectric (4%) –Solar –Wind –Tidal –Geothermal –Biofuels

5. Trends in Energy Usage

6. Coal Organic materials that have escaped oxidation in the carbon cycle. Plant material that is rapidly buried

7. Coal Ranking & Formation Rank – amount (%) of carbon (C) in coal, heat content 1.Peat (pre coal) – soft brown mass of compressed, largely non- decomposed plant material, ~50% C 2.Lignite – decomposed peat that has been compressed, ~70% C 3.Bituminous coal – burial increases the pressure and temperature on the lignite and causes a conversion, ~80-90% C 4.Anthracite coal – complete metamorphism, >93% C

8. World-wide distribution of coal

9. U.S. Coal Reserves

10. Illinois Coal Reserves

11. Hydrocarbons Composed of hydrogen and carbon linked together in chains and rings Natural Gas – simple organic molecules Crude Oil – complex chains and rings

12. What is the source of oil? Plankton! 0mm1mm

13. Hydrocarbon Formation Water borne plankton escape oxidation/decomposition before burial Source RockPlankton is deposited in mud (shale) – Source Rock Source rock is overlain by more sediment – increasing the pressure (P) & temperature (T) on the source rock Increase in P & T, breaks down organic debris –Oil forms at 50 o C –Methane (natural gas) at 100 o C reservoir rock (Hydrocarbons migrates upwards (lower density than water) to a reservoir rock (high porosity, high permeability rock) Migration is stopped by either an impermeable rock or a structural trap

14. “Oil Window” Generation of oil requires a specific temperature range 80 – 160 C o (If above this temperature oil will “burn away”) Higher temperatures breakdown oil molecules – generate natural gas Exist in the top most 15-20% of the crust

15. Reservoir Rock Porosity – amount of open (void) space in a rock, ability of a rock to store a fluid Permeability – interconnectedness of the void space, ability of rock to transmit a fluid Reservoir rock – high porosity, high permeability low permeabilityCap (seal) rock – low porosity, low permeability

17. Structural Traps 4 common types –Anticline Trap –Salt Dome –Fault Trap –Angular Unconformity Trap

18. Fig. 14.28 W. W. Norton

19. Found in rocks less than 500 million years old 85% of oil and gas occur in less than 5% of producing fields Generally, near Tectonic belts, active in the past 60-70 million years Distribution of Oil and Gas

20. Daily Assignment Create a concept map that incorporates the following: OilCoal Plant MaterialPlankton FoldsFaults SandstoneShale Labels the pathways-transition between the components appropriately Additional items may be included if you feel they help understand the concepts.

21. Uranium (U) – used for nuclear power Has a Minimum Concentration Factor > 1000 Source Rock – Igneous U is leached (dissolved) into groundwater Deposit Types –Sandstones that have been enriched with U minerals (groundwater enrichment) –U-bearing minerals in rock fractures –Placer Deposits Nuclear Power - Uranium

22. Hydroelectric and Tidal Power Movement of water drives turbines Dams – gravity key force Tidal – tidal force, need a tidal range of > 8 m (nearly impractical)

23. Geothermal Energy Temperature increases with depth ~ 3 o C/ 100 m Geothermal energy concentrated where magma is near the surface Circulation of groundwater allows water to heat up Hot groundwater drives turbines