1. Immunity Rikki, Trevor, Heather, and Clarease

2. The Importance of Cell Surfaces Human immune system recognizes foreign surfaces Microorganisms bacteria, yeast Non-living infectious agents: viruses, tumor cells, transplanted cells Virus structure

3. Pathogens Bacteria-prokaryotes (no organelles) Antibiotic drugs used for bacterial infections Viruses-a single or double strand of RNA or DNA coated in protein Very few drugs can be used for viral infections A Virus

4. How Viruses Reproduce Viral DNA- implants into host cell’s DNA, replicates along with the host RNA, without causing harm OR Takes over and kills host cell by Replicating viral DNA Making viral proteins Cell then fills with viral DNA and proteins creating new ones until the cell bursts which releases the new virus into the body

5. Genetic Control of Immunity Proteins that directly attack foreign antigens Antibodies Cytokine Antigen-a molecule that creates an immune response (usually being a protein or a carbohydrate) Immunity is controlled by genes, mutations impair immune function and cause immune deficiencies, autoimmune disorders, allergies, and cancer Autoimmune disorder-attacks own tissues

6. Blood Types Different blood types have unique self-antigen patterns on red blood cells that make the blood type what it is Transfusion

7. The Human Immune System 2 levels Macroscopic (large) lymphatics transport a watery fluid called lymph to lymph nodes located throughout the body Microscopic (small) white blood cells, lymphocytes and macrophages get rid of bacteria and viruses B & T cells are 2 main types of lymphocytes

8. Human Immune Defense System 2 levels Innate Immunity-fast and generalized Adaptive Immunity-slow and specific B and T cells carry out Humoral immune response- antibodies carried in fluids Cellular immune response- T cells produce cytokines and activate other cells These act once physical barriers have blocked pathogens Physical barriers- skin, mucous membranes, earwax, and cilia

9. Abnormal Immunity AIDS-(Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) acquired by an infection with HIV, which degenerates immune system, killing helper T cells causing bacterial infections because B cells aren’t producing antibodies. Autoimmunity-when the body produces antibodies that attack the body’s healthy tissues Allergies-auto immune response to an allergen. An overly sensitive immune system causes allergies.

10. Allergies Inherited susceptibility-higher “eosinophils” white blood cell count Environmental factor- ”hygiene hypothesis” underutilized immune 1.Allergen activates B cells 2.B cells divide, create antibody- secreting plasma cells 3.Antibodies attach to mast cells. 4.At next exposure, allergens combine with antibodies on mast cells 5.Mast cells burst, releasing chemicals that cause allergic reactions (lower right)

11. Vaccine-disables part or all of a pathogen, then sends them to create a primary immune response Transplant types- Allograft, Isograft, Xenograft, and Autograft Immunotherapy-uses the immune system to fight disease. Altering Immune Function

12. A Genomic View of Immunity: The Pathogen’s Perspective Genome sequences of pathogens provide clues to how they infect, which can suggest new treatments Pathogen genome information also used to protect against infection-”reverse vaccinology” Identify antigens that provoke immune response Used to treat SARS

13. A Genomic View of Immunity: The Pathogen’s Perspective Crowd Diseases-spread rapidly throughout a population that hasn’t had any prior exposure, vanish quickly because of vaccines or treatments. Bioweapons-pathogens (bacteria and viruses) used to intentionally do harm to people. Small Pox, historically an example of both

14. Bibliography Lewis, R., 2007, Human Genetics: Concepts and Applications. McGraw-Hill, New York, pages 331-351.