1. Lecture 6 Java I/O Exceptions Basic Swing

2. Java I/O classes Flexible and somewhat slick, but a bit of a mess

3. Java classes for doing i/o  Includes file i/o, memory i/o, socket i/o, inter- process (pipes), etc.  All stored in package java.io  Excellent example of OO design –Very general and scaleable  Unfortunately, also obfuscates simple tasks.  How to proceed –Understand basic design –Create some libraries to do common tasks

4. InputStream/OutputStream  Start by studying the java.io.InputStream and java.io.OutputStream APIjava.io.InputStream java.io.OutputStream  These are base class for performing all binary i/o  Note that these classes are abstract each with a single abstract method –abstract int read() –abstract void write(int)  Concrete subclasses must provide implementation of read/write that can get/put a single byte to/from the relevant source

5. Concrete subclasses of InputStream/OutputStream  Since InputStream/OutputStream are abstract, they cannot be used to create objects (of course, they can be used for typing).  A very common non-abstract subclass is FileOutputStream/FileInputStream.  These can be used in a simple way to do the most basic byte-based file io

6. Example with FileInputStream /* class example DataInput1.java */ /* assumes each char is one byte -- dangerous import java.io.FileInputStream; public class DataInput1{ public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{ String file = args[0]; int input; FileInputStream fin = new FileInputStream(file); while ( (input = fin.read()) != -1){ System.out.print((char) input); }

7. Example with FileOutputStream /* class example DataOutput1.java */ /* assumes each char is a single byte */ import java.io.FileOutputStream; public class DataOutput1{ public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{ String file = args[0]; String output = "Hello World"; FileOutputStream fout = new FileOutputStream(file); char[] outputAsChars = output.toCharArray(); for (int i = 0; i < outputAsChars.length; ++i) fout.write(outputAsChars[i]); }

8. Higher-level functionality  FileInputStream and FileOuputStream allow you to do pretty much any file i/o at a very low level.  However, this is too low-level for Java.  Java provides many more libraries to read/write higher-level constructs: –characters –Strings –native datatypes –arrays –arbitrary objects (serialization)

9. Decorator Pattern  These capabilities are added using a design called the Decorator Pattern.

10. Purpose of Decorator  Best way to think of this is as follows: –There are two important issues when constructing an i/o library Where the i/o is going (file, etc). How the data is represented (String, native type, etc.) –Rather than create a class for each combination, Decorator classes allow you to mix and match, augment functionality of base classes. –This is a bit confusing but is very flexible. –Decotators can also add other capabilities, such as peek ahead, push back, write line number, etc.

11. Java i/o decorators  All Java i/o decorator classes inherit from FilterInputStream and FilterOutputStream  Look at the api for these classes and note a few things: –They wrap instances of InputStream/OutputStream respectively. –They inherit from InputStream/OutputStream respectively  This is an odd inheritence hierarchy but is necessary to ensure that the FilterStreams support the same interface as the underlying class.

12. More on Filter Streams  Easiest way to think of the filter streams as wrapping an underlying class which they augment the functionality of. Consider the respective constructors –FilterInputStream(InputStream in); –FilterOutputStream(OutputStream out);  In each case, the FilterStreams use an underlying presumably simpler inputstream and augment its functionality.

13. Some FilterStream examples to clarify this  Perhaps most common FilterInputStream is DataInputStream.  Study the API and be sure you understand the inheritance hierarchy  DataInputStream stores an InputStream and uses this to do higher-level i/o –readInt, readDouble, etc.  DataOutputStream is analogous

14. Example of DataInputStream /* DataInputStream2 example in course examples */ import java.io.DataOutputStream; import java.io.FileOutputStream; public class DataOutput2{ public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{ String file = args[0]; double[] data = {1.1,1.2,1.3,1.4,1.5}; DataOutputStream dout = new DataOutputStream (new FileOutputStream(file)); for (int i = 0; i < data.length; ++i){ dout.writeDouble(data[i]); } dout.close();}}

15. Example of DataInputStream /* DataOutput2 example in course examples */ import java.io.DataInputStream; import java.io.FileInputStream; import java.io.EOFException; public class DataInput2{ public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{ String file = args[0]; DataInputStream din = new DataInputStream(new FileInputStream(file)); double data; /* need an exception to know when end of file is hit */ try{ while (true){ data = din.readDouble(); System.out.println(data); } catch (EOFException eofe){} din.close();}}

16. BufferedInputStream/BufferedOu tputStream  Another common set of decorator classes is BufferedInputStream and BufferedOutputStream.  These augment the functionality of the underlying stream by providing system buffering for higher-performance i/o  They also add support for the mark method.  Examples on next slide...

17. BufferedInputStream Example import java.io.*; / public class DataInput3{ public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{ String file = args[0]; DataInputStream din = new DataInputStream (new BufferedInputStream (new FileInputStream(file))); double data; /* need an exception to know when end of file is hit */ try{ while (true){ data = din.readDouble(); System.out.println(data); } catch (EOFException eofe){} din.close();}}

18. BufferedOutputStream example import java.io.BufferedOutputStream; import java.io.DataOutputStream; import java.io.FileOutputStream; public class DataOutput3{ public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{ String file = args[0]; double[] data = {1.1,1.2,1.3,1.4,1.5}; DataOutputStream dout = new DataOutputStream (new BufferedOutputStream (new FileOutputStream(file))); for (int i = 0; i < data.length; ++i){ dout.writeDouble(data[i]); } dout.close();}}

19. Other output streams  FileOutputStream is probably the most common.  However, note that we could replace FileOutputStream with other Outputstream in these examples.  In this case, the same decorated or undecorated data will be sent to some other device.  Good example of this is thread communicatoin, memory i/o, and socket i/o (using Socket class).

20. Character-based i/o Reader and Writer classes

21. Reader/Writer  Java maintains a second class hierarchy for performing higher-level character-based i/o.  The two base classes in this case are –java.io.Reader –java.io.Writer  Study the API for these classes.  Very similar to InputStream/OutputStream  Here I’ll show how to do some common i/o tasks as examples

22. Atypical FileWriter Example /* example Writer1.java in course examples */ /* using a simple FileWriter for String-based i/o */ import java.io.FileWriter; public class Writer1{ public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{ String file = args[0]; String output = "Hello World!"; FileWriter fw = new FileWriter(file); fw.write(output); fw.close(); }

23. Reading lines from stdin import java.io.BufferedReader; import java.io.InputStreamReader; public class Reader1{ public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{ /* convert System.in, which is an InputStream, to a Reader by wrapping in InputStreamReader, then wrap everything in BufferedReader */ String input; BufferedReader bin = new BufferedReader (new InputStreamReader (System.in)); while ( (input = bin.readLine()) != null){ System.out.println("you typed " + input); }}}

24. Reading by line from file import java.io.BufferedReader; /*Reader2.java */ import java.io.InputStreamReader; import java.io.FileInputStream; public class Reader2{ public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{ /* convert a FileInputStream, which is an InputStream, to a Reader by wrapping in InputStreamReader, then wrap everything in BufferedReader and call the readLine method to get a line at a time */ String input; String file = args[0]; BufferedReader bin = new BufferedReader (new InputStreamReader (new FileInputStream(file))); while ( (input = bin.readLine()) != null){ System.out.println(input); } }}

25. Exercise  Study the jdk API for GZIPOutputStream and GZIPInputStream. Write a program that reads and writes gzip files.

26. Serialization  Objects can be written to streams also. This process is known as serialization.  This is a huge convenience compared with having to marshal and unmarshal iv’s.  But the issue is even deeper – how are methods represented, objects that contain objects as iv’s, etc.  Java takes care of all of this with a very nice serialization interface.

27. Serialization classes  Relevant classes –java.io.ObjectInputStream –java.io.ObjectOutputStream  Note that these required an underlying Input/OutputStream to do their work.  For a class to be serializable, it also must implement the Serializable interface (no methods).  Finally, a class-scope variable can be declared as transient, meaning that it is ignored during serialization.

28. Serialization Example /* simple example of Serialization -- writing an object directly to an OutputStream without having to marshal and unmarshal */ import java.io.*; public class Serialization{ public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{ String flag = args[0]; String file = args[1]; Currency c = new Currency("US Dollar", "USD“, 10, 5); Currency d; if (flag.equals("-w")){ ObjectOutputStream out = new ObjectOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(new File(file))); out.writeObject(c); } else if (flag.equals("-r")){ ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream(new FileInputStream(new File(file))); System.out.println("Reading serialized object"); d = (Currency) in.readObject(); }}}

29. Related Topics  java.io.File class –Very nice. Many methods for portably manipulating files  java.io.Socket class –Provides Input/OutputStreams for communication across ports of different computers  PrintWriter class (e.g. println method)  Writing zip files, jar files, etc.

30. Suggested Readings  Eckel’s detailed section on i/o  Patterns in Java, A Catalog of Reusable Design Patterns Illustratred with UML, Mark Grand, Wiley Press.  Design Patterns, Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software, Gamma et al.

31. Java Exceptions

32. Intro to Exceptions  What are exceptions? –Events that occur during the execution of a program that interrupt the normal flow of control.  One technique for handling Exceptions is to use return statements in method calls.  This is fine, but java provides a much more general and flexible formalism that forces programmers to consider exceptional cases.

33. Exception Class hierarchy Object Exception Error Throwable NullPointerException RuntimeExceptionmany IndexOutOfBounds must handle may handle too serious to catch

34. Exception Handling Basics  Three parts to Exception handling 1. claiming exception 2. throwing exception 3. catching exception  A method has the option of throwing one or more exceptions when specified conditions occur. This exception must be claimed by the method. Another method calling this method must either catch or rethrow the exception. (unless it is a RuntimeException)

35. Claiming Exceptions  Method declaration must specify every exception that the method potentially throws MethodDeclaration throws Exception1, Exception2,..., ExceptionN  Exceptions themselves are concrete subclasses of Throwable and must be defined and locatable in regular way.

36. Throwing Exception  To throw an Exception, use the throw keyword followed by an instance of the Exception class void foo() throws SomeException{ if (whatever) {...} else{ throw new SomeException(...)}  We’ll talk about passing data via the Exception constructor soon.  Note that if a method foo has a throw clause within it, that the Exception that is thrown (or one of its superclasses) must be claimed after the signature.

37. Catching Exceptions  The third piece of the picture is catching exceptions.  This is what you will do with most commonly, since many of java’s library methods are defined to throw one or more runtime exception.  Catching exceptions: –When a method is called that throws and Exception e.g SomeException, it must be called in a try-catch block: try{ foo(); } catch(SomeException se){...}

38. Catching Exceptions, cont.  Note that if a method throws an Exception that is NOT a RuntimeException, you must do one of two things: –try-catch it (often called handling it) –rethrow it  In the latter case, responsibility then moves up the calling chain to handle it, and so on all the way up to main.

39. More on try-catch The general form of the try-catch structure is: try{ /* any number of lines of code that call any number of methods with any thrown Exceptions */ } catch(Exception1 e1){ /* do anything you want here e.g. change value and try again. print error and quit print stacktrace */ catch (Exception2 e2){ /* any number of exceptions can be handled... */ }

40. Example1 import java.io.*; public class Exception1{ public static void main(String[] args){ InputStream f; try{ f = new FileInputStream("foo.txt"); } catch(FileNotFoundException fnfe){ System.out.println(fnfe.getMessage()); }

41. Example2 import java.io.*; public class Exception2{ public static void main(String[] args){ InputStream fin; try{ fin = new FileInputStream("foo.txt"); int input = fin.read(); } catch(FileNotFoundException fnfe){ System.out.println(fnfe.getMessage()); } catch(IOException ioe){ System.out.println(ioe.getMessage()); } }}

42. import java.io.*; public class Exception2{ public static void main(String[] args){ InputStream fin; try{ fin = new FileInputStream("foo.txt"); int input = fin.read(); } catch(FileNotFoundException fnfe){ System.out.println(fnfe.getMessage()); } catch(IOException ioe){ System.out.println(ioe.getMessage()); }

43. Recommendations  Do not use Exceptions to handle normal conditions in the program that can be checked with if statements. For example: –to find the end of an array –to check if an object is null  See other commented examples in course notes.

44. Creating your own Exceptions  You can follow this procedure exactly when creating your own Exception.  Create a class that subclasses Exception (or RuntimeException).  You may also add functionality so that a relevant message is stored when the error is thrown, and any other customized functionality you choose.  See Exception5.java example

45. Overview of Swing Widgets, layouts, events

46. Miscellaneous tidbits

47. Creating user interfaces in Java  Three steps for simple GUI –Determine what components that you would like your “form” to contain. Examples are buttons, checkboxes, text areas, graphics panels, etc. –Determine how you would like these panels to layout on your form. This is the domain of layout managers. –Write the event handlers for the GUI.

48. Creating a GUI application  Must create a JFrame and call the show() method. This is normally done by creating a class that extends JFrame as: class MyFrame extends JFrame{ MyFrame(){ setSize(300,300); //sets the pixel size } main(){ MyFrame frame = new MyFrame(); frame.show(); }

49. Swing Components

50. Swing components, cont.  Each component is a Java class with a fairly extensive inheritency hierarchy: Object Component Container JComponent JPanel Window Frame JFrame

51. Using Swing Components  Very simple, just create object from appropriate class – examples: –JButton but = new JButton(); –JTextField text = new JTextField(); –JTextArea text = new JTextArea(); –JLabel lab = new JLabel();  Many more classes. Don’t need to know every one to get started.  See ch. 9 Hortsmann

52. Adding components  Once a component is created, it can be added to a container by calling the container’s add method: Container cp = getContentPane(); cp.add(new JButton(“cancel”)); cp.add(new JButton(“go”)); How these are laid out is determined by the layout manager.

53. Laying out components  Not so difficult but takes a little practice  Do not use absolute positioning – not very portable, does not resize well, etc.  Use layout managers – basically tells form how to align components when they’re added.  Each Container has a layout manager associated with it.  A JPanel is a Container – to have different layout managers associated with different parts of a form, tile with JPanels and set the desired layout manager for each JPanel, then add components directly to panels.

54. Layout Managers  Java comes with 7 or 8. Most common and easiest to use are –FlowLayout –BorderLayout –GridLayout  Using just these three it is possible to attain fairly precise layout for most simple applications.

55. Setting layout managers  Very easy to associate a layout manager with a component. Simply call the setLayout method on the Container: JPanel p1 = new JPanel(); p1.setLayout(new FlowLayout(FlowLayout.LEFT)); JPanel p2 = new JPanel(); p2.setLayout(new BorderLayout()); As Components are added to the container, the layout manager determines their size and positioning.

59. Event handling

60. What are events?  All components can listen for one or more events.  Typical examples are: –Mouse movements –Mouse clicks –Hitting any key –Hitting return key –etc.  Telling the GUI what to do when a particular event occurs is the role of the event handler.

61. ActionEvent  In Java, most components have a special event called an ActionEvent.  This is loosely speaking the most common or canonical event for that component.  A good example is a click for a button.  To have any component listen for ActionEvents, you must register the component with an ActionListener. e.g. –button.addActionListener(new MyAL());

62. Delegation, cont.  This is referred to as the Delegation Model.  When you register an ActionListener with a component, you must pass it the class which will handle the event – that is, do the work when the event is triggered.  For an ActionEvent, this class must implement the ActionListener interface.  This is simple a way of guaranteeing that the actionPerformed method is defined.

63. actionPerformed  The actionPerformed method has the following signature: void actionPerformed(ActionEvent)  The object of type ActionEvent passed to the event handler is used to query information about the event.  Some common methods are: –getSource() object reference to component generating event –getActionCommand() some text associated with event (text on button, etc).

64. actionPerformed, cont.  These methods are particularly useful when using one eventhandler for multiple components.

71. Graphics Programming

72. Using Graphics object  Use JPanels –They have a surface on which you can draw. –They are containers and thus can hold other components  How to draw on a Jpanel Class MyPanel extends JPanel{ public void paintComponent(Graphics g){ //use Graphics methods to draw }

73. Drawing on a JPanel  How does this work? –Framework calls paintComponent automatically whenever the application needs to be redrawn. –Can force this yourself, but do not call paintComponent directly. –Instead, call repaint(), which will cause paintComponent to be called for all components.

74. Graphics object method  Framework hand over an object that implements the abstract class Graphics.  Contains functions for drawing shapes to panel.  Simplest Example: Class HelloWorld extends Jpanel{ public void paintComponent(Graphics g){ g.drawString(“Hello World, 50,50”); }

75. More Graphics Object Methods  Many more methods. Consult API as always.  Typical examples: –drawOval –drawCircle –drawImage –drawPolyLine –fillArc

76. Graphics2D Object  Much more sophisticated rendering capabilites.  To access, use same technique and then downcast Graphics object to Graphics2D object (latter is subclass of former).  See Graphics2D API for additional methods  See DrawTest.java and

77. Colors  Use Color class –13 standard colors stored as static variables Color.red, Color.blue, Color.yellow, etc. –To specify rbg value, create Color object: new Color(int red, int green, int blue);  Use setPaint(Color) method of Graphics object to specify a Color.  Also setBackground(Color) method  Useful: brighter() and darker() methods for Color objects

78. Filling shapes  Can fill the interior of any closed shape.  Use fill() method.  See FillTest.java

79. Drawing images  Very fun  Supports standard GIF images. Example Toolkit tk = getDefaultToolkit(); Image img = tk.getImage(“foo.gif); drawImage(img, 0, 0, null);

80. Drawing images  Very fun  Supports standard GIF images. Example Toolkit tk = getDefaultToolkit(); Image img = tk.getImage(“foo.gif); drawImage(img, 0, 0, null);

81. Odds and Ends Timing, system commands, toString and.equals

82. Timing Java code  Simplest is to use static method in System class double currentTimeMillis(); Example: public static void main (String args[]){ double begin = System.CurrentTimeMillis(); doWork(); double end = System.CurrentTimeMillis(); double time = (end – begin)/(1000.*60); System.out.println(“Total time minutes: “ + time); }

83. Spawning an OS process  Very simple but a little different architecturally  Every java program keeps a single copy of a class Runtime which allows the user to interact with the OS  This is obtained with a static method call (“Singleton pattern”) and returns a Process object: Runtime rt = Runtime.getRuntime(); Process p = rt.exec(“ls *.java”); InputStream in = p.getInputStream(); //question: how to wrap in a reader??

84. Overriding equals method  A method boolean equals(Object) also exists in the object class.  This method by default determines whether two Objects point to the same memory location: SomeObject o1, o2; o1 = new SomeObject(); o2 = o1; if (o1.equals(o2)) // yes, same loc in mem  This is not very useful in general. Good idea to override with more useful comparison metric

85. .equals, cont.  Very good example is String class. .equals is overriden for String class to actually do a character by character comparison.  Thus, two String which occupy different memory but have the same contents are considered equal.  Note that using == always does a memory comparison! Very import!!