1. Lesson-20 Data Modeling and Analysis(2)
Discover entities and relationships.
Construct an entity-relationship context diagram.
Discover or invent keys for entities and construct a key-based diagram.
Construct a fully attributed entity relationship diagram and describe all data structures and attributes to the repository or encyclopedia.
Normalize a logical data model to remove impurities that can make a database unstable, inflexible, and no scalable.
Describe a useful tool for mapping data requirements to business operating locations.

2. Data Modeling Concepts: Foreign Keys
A nonspecific relationship (or many-to-many relationship) is one in which many instances of one entity are associated with many instances of another entity.
Nonspecific relationships must be resolved. Most nonspecific relationships can be resolved by introducing an associative entity.
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3. Resolving Nonspecific Relationships
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4. Data Modeling Concepts: Generalization
Generalization is a technique wherein the attributes that are common to several types of an entity are grouped into their own entity, called a supertype.
An entity supertype is an entity whose instances store attributes that are common to one or more entity subtypes.
An entity subtype is an entity whose instances inherit some common attributes from an entity supertype and then add other attributes that are unique to an instance of the subtype.
Teaching Tips:
Ask the students to identify a generalization example. What are some common attributes? What are some unique attributes associated with the subtype(s)?

5. Entity Discovery for Sound Stage
Entity Name
Business Definition
agreement
A contract whereby a member agrees to purchase a certain number of products within a certain time. After fulfilling that agreement, the member becomes eligible for bonus credits that are redeemable for free or discounted products.
member
An active member of one or more clubs.
Note: A target system objective is to re-enroll inactive members as opposed to deleting them.
member order
An order generated for a member as part of a monthly promotion, or an order initiated by a member.
Note: The current system only supports orders generated from promotions; however, customer initiated orders have been given a high priority as an added option in the proposed system.
transaction
A business event to which the Member Services System must respond.
product
An inventoried product available for promotion and sale to members.
Note: System improvement objectives include (1) compatibility with new bar code system being developed for the warehouse, and (2) adaptability to a rapidly changing mix of products.
promotion
A monthly or quarterly event whereby special product offerings are made available to members.
Conversion Notes
Several business changes were made to the SoundStage running case study. Thus, the entity list and subsequent data models and normalization examples have changed from the previous edition.

6. The Context Data Model MEMBER ORDER MEMBER TRANSACTION PRODUCT
AGREEMENT
PROMOTION
responds to
places
binds
is a
has
conducted
generates
features
sells
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7. The Key-based Data Model
TRANSACTION
Primary Key
Transaction-Reference-Number [PK1]
MEMBER ORDERED PRODUCT
Order-Number [PK1] [FK]
Product-Number [PK2] [FK]
TITLE PROMOTION
Product-Number [PK1] [FK]
Promotion-Number [PK2] [FK]
MEMBER ORDER
Order-Number [PK1]
MEMBER
Member-Number [PK1]
PRODUCT
Product-Number [PK1]
AGREEMENT
Agreement-Number [PK1]
PROMOTION
Promotion-Number [PK1]
features
is featured as
sold as
sells
places
binds
is a
has
conducted
responds to
generates
Edit this slide as needed to ensure readability.

8. The Key-based Data Model With Generalization
AUDIO TITLE
Primary Key
Product-Number [PK1] [FK]
VIDEO TITLE
GAME TITLE
TITLE
MERCHANDISE
TRANSACTION
Transaction-Reference-Number [PK1]
MEMBER ORDERED PRODUCT
Order-Number [PK1] [FK]
Product-Number [PK2] [FK]
PROMOTION TITLE
Promotion-Number [PK1] [FK]
MEMBER ORDER
Order-Number [PK1]
MEMBER
Member-Number [PK1]
PRODUCT
Product-Number [PK1]
AGREEMENT
Agreement-Number [PK1]
PROMOTION
Promotion-Number [PK1]
is featured as
features
sold as
sells
places
binds
is a
has
conducted
responds to
generates
Edit this slide as needed to ensure readability.

9. The Fully-Attributed Data Model
MEMBER ORDER
Primary Key
Order-Number [PK1]
Non-Key Attributes
Order-Creation-Date
Order-Fill-Date
Member-Name
Member-Address
Shipping-Address-Name
Shipping-Street-Address
Shipping-City
Shipping-State
Shipping-Zip
Shipping-Instructions
Order-Sub-Total
Order-Sales-Tax
Order-Shipping-Method
Order-Shipping-&-Handling-Cost
Order-Status
Order-Prepaid-Amount
Order-Prepayment-Method
Promotion-Number [FK]
Member-Number [FK]
Member-Number Member-Number [FK]
Ordered-Product-Number
Quantity-Shipped
Quantity-Backordered
Ordered-Product-Description
Ordered-Product-Title
Purchased-Unit-Price
Extended-Price
MEMBER
Member-Number [PK1]
Member-Status
Member-Street-Address
Member-Post-Office-Box
Member-City
Member-State
Member-Zip-Code
Member-Daytime-Phone-Number
Member-Date-of-Last-Order
Member-Balance-Due
Member-Credit-Card-Type
Member-Credit-Card-Number
Member-Credit-Card-Expire-Date
Member-Bonus-Balance-Available
Audio-Category-Preference
Audio-Media-Preference
Date-Enrolled
Expiration-Date
Game-Category-Preference
Game-Media-Preference
Number-of-Credits-Earned
Video-Category-Preference
Video-Media-Preference
Agreement-Number [FK]
Privacy-Code
-Address
PRODUCT
Product-Number [PK1]
"Universal-Product-Code (Alternate Key)"
Quantity-in-Stock
Product-Type
Suggested-Retail-Price
Default-Unit-Price
Current-Special-Unit-Price
Current-Month-Units-Sold
Current-Year-Units-Sold
Total-Lifetime-Units-Sold
VIDEO TITLE
Product-Number [PK1] [FK]
Producer
Director
Video-Category
Video-Sub-Category
Closed-Captioned
Language
Running-Time
Video-Media-Type
Video-Encoding
Screen-Aspect
MPA-Rating-Code
AUDIO TITLE
Artist
Audio-Category
Audio-Sub-Category
Number-of-Units-in-Package
Audio-Media-Code
Content-Advisory-Code
GAME TITLE
Manufacturer
Game-Category
Game-Sub-Category
Game-Platform
Game-Media-Type
Number-of-Players
Parent-Advisory-Code
TRANSACTION
Transaction-Reference-Number [PK1]
Transaction-Date
Transaction-Type
Transaction-Description
Transaction-Amount
Order-Number [FK]
TITLE
Title-of-Work
Title-Cover
Catalog-Description
Copyright-Date
Entertainment-Category
Credit-Value
MERCHANDISE
Merchandise-Name
Merchandise-Description
Merchandise-Type
Unit-of-Measure
PROMOTION
Promotion-Number [PK1]
Promotion-Release-Date
Promotion-Status
Promotion-Type
Product-Number
AGREEMENT
Agreement-Number [PK1]
Agreement-Expire-Date
Agreement-Active-Date
Fulfillment-Period
Required-Number-of-Credits
MEMBER ORDERED PRODUCT
Order-Number [PK1] [FK]
Product-Number [PK2] [FK]
TITLE PROMOTION
Promotion-Number [PK1] [FK]
is featured as
features
sold as
sells
places
binds
is a
has
conducted
responds to
generates
Edit this slide as needed to ensure readability.

10. Data Analysis & Normalization
Data analysis is a process that prepares a data model for implementation as a simple, non redundant, flexible, and adaptable database. The specific technique is called normalization.
Normalization is a data analysis technique that organizes data attributes such that they are grouped to form non redundant, stable, flexible, and adaptive entities.
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11. Normalization: 1NF, 2NF, 3NF
An entity is in first normal form (1NF) if there are no attributes that can have more than one value for a single instance of the entity. Any attributes that can have multiple values actually describe a separate entity, possibly an entity and relationship.
An entity is in second normal form (2NF) if it is already in 1NF and if the values of all non primary key attributes are dependent on the full primary key—not just part of it. Any non key attributes that are dependent on only part of the primary key should be moved to any entity where that partial key is actually the full key. This may require creating a new entity and relationship on the model.
An entity is in third normal form (3NF) if it is already in 2NF and if the values of its non primary key attributes are not dependent on any other non-primary key attributes. Any non key attributes that are dependent on other non key attributes must be moved or deleted. Again, new entities and relationships may have to be added to the data model.
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12. First Normal Form Example
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13. First Normal Form Example
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14. Second Normal Form Example
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15. Second Normal Form Example
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16. Third Normal Form Example
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17. Third Normal Form Example
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18. Sound Stage 3NF Data Model
MEMBER
Primary Key
Member-Number [PK1]
Non-Key Attributes
Member-Name
Member-Status
Member-Street-Address
Member-Post-Office-Box
Member-City
Member-State
Member-Zip-Code
Member-Daytime-Phone-Number
Member-Date-of-Last-Order
Member-Balance-Due
Member-Credit-Card-Type
Member-Credit-Card-Number
Member-Credit-Card-Expire-Date
Member-Bonus-Balance-Available
Audio-Category-Preference
Audio-Media-Preference
Date-Enrolled
Expiration-Date
Game-Category-Preference
Game-Media-Preference
Number-of-Credits-Earned
Video-Category-Preference
Video-Media-Preference
Agreement-Number [FK]
Privacy-Code
-Address
MEMBER ORDER
Order-Number [PK1]
Order-Creation-Date
Order-Fill-Date
Shipping-Address-Name
Shipping-Street-Address
Shipping-City
Shipping-State
Shipping-Zip
Shipping-Instructions
Order-Sub-Total
Order-Sales-Tax
Order-Shipping-Method
Order-Shipping-&-Handling-Cost
Order-Status
Order-Prepaid-Amount
Order-Prepayment-Method
Promotion-Number [FK]
Member-Number [FK]
Member-Number Member-Number [FK]
PRODUCT
Product-Number [PK1]
"Universal-Product-Code (Alternate Key)"
Quantity-in-Stock
Product-Type
Suggested-Retail-Price
Default-Unit-Price
Current-Special-Unit-Price
Current-Month-Units-Sold
Current-Year-Units-Sold
Total-Lifetime-Units-Sold
VIDEO TITLE
Product-Number [PK1] [FK]
Producer
Director
Video-Category
Video-Sub-Category
Closed-Captioned
Language
Running-Time
Video-Media-Type
Video-Encoding
Screen-Aspect
MPA-Rating-Code
AUDIO TITLE
Artist
Audio-Category
Audio-Sub-Category
Number-of-Units-in-Package
Audio-Media-Code
Content-Advisory-Code
GAME TITLE
Manufacturer
Game-Category
Game-Sub-Category
Game-Platform
Game-Media-Type
Number-of-Players
Parent-Advisory-Code
TRANSACTION
Transaction-Reference-Number [PK1]
Transaction-Date
Transaction-Type
Transaction-Description
Transaction-Amount
Order-Number [FK]
TITLE
Title-of-Work
Title-Cover
Catalog-Description
Copyright-Date
Entertainment-Category
Credit-Value
MEMBER ORDERED PRODUCT
Order-Number [PK1] [FK]
Product-Number [PK2] [FK]
Quantity-Ordered
Quantity-Shipped
Quantity-Backordered
Purchase-Unit-Price
Credits-Earned
MERCHANDISE
Merchandise-Name
Merchandise-Description
Merchandise-Type
Unit-of-Measure
AGREEMENT
Agreement-Number [PK1]
Agreement-Expire-Date
Agreement-Active-Date
Fulfillment-Period
Required-Number-of-Credits
PROMOTION
Promotion-Number [PK1]
Promotion-Release-Date
Promotion-Status
Promotion-Type
3NF Member Services (Entity
Relation Subject Area)
SA/2001
Tue May 02, :41
Comment
Sandra Shepherd
TITLE PROMOTION
Promotion-Number [PK2] [FK]
places
binds
features
is featured as
is a
has
conducted
responds to
generates
sold as
sells
Edit this slide as needed to ensure readability.

19. Data-to-Location-CRUD Matrix
Entity . Attribute
Customers
Kansas City
. Marketing
. Advertsing
. Warehouse
. Sales
. A/R
Boston
San Francisco
San Diego
. Warehose
Customer
INDV
ALL SS
.Customer Number R
CRUD
.Customer Name RU
.Customer Address
.Customer Credit Rating X
.Customer Balance Due
Order
.Order Number
SRD
.Order Date
.Order Amount
Ordered Product
.Quantity Ordered
SUD
.Ordered Item Unit Price
Product
.Product Number
.Product Name
.Product Description
.Product Unit of Measure
.Product Current Unit Price
.Product Quantity on Hand
= individual
= ALL
= subset
= no access
S = submit
C = create
R = read
U = update
D = delete
Location
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