1. Physical Oceanography Chap. 15 The Oceans Sea Water Ocean Movements

2. The Oceans – 15.1 Objectives identify methods used by scientists to study Earth’s oceans discuss the origin and composition of the oceans. describe the distribution of oceans and major seas

3. I. Introduction

4. What are some useful features of oceans? A.Uses

5. I. Introduction A.Uses 1.travel 2.fishing/food 3.recreation

6. I. Introduction A.Uses B.Studying

7. I. Introduction A.Uses B.Studying 1.H.M.S. Challenger Measured depth, water temperature, fauna, current, and other data. First measured Mariana trench (26,890 ft.)

8. I. Introduction A.Uses B.Studying 1.H.M.S. Challenger 2.Meteor Used sonar to map undersea topography

9. Example Calculation A sonar signal travels about 1500 m/s in ocean water. If it takes 6 seconds for a signal to return to the ship after it is emitted what is the distance to the ocean floor?

10. I. Introduction A.Uses B.Studying 1.H.M.S. Challenger 2.Meteor 3.TOPEX-Poseidon NASA satellite that measures ocean data

11. TOPEX/Poseidon tracks ocean tides measures sea levels (to 5 cm accuracy) monitors climates by measuring ocean temperatures.

12. II. Ocean origins

13. A.Oceans are as old as Earth’s rocks

14. II. Ocean origins A.Oceans are as old as Earth’s rocks 1.Lava flows have been dated at 4.6 b.y.

15. II. Ocean origins A.Oceans are as old as Earth’s rocks 1.Lava flows have been dated at 4.6 b.y. 2.These formed rocks by cooling quickly (in water)

16. II. Ocean origins A.Oceans are as old as Earth’s rocks B.Source of water

17. II. Ocean origins A.Oceans are as old as Earth’s rocks B.Source of water 1.Comets (dirty snow balls)

18. II. Ocean origins A.Oceans are as old as Earth’s rocks B.Source of water 1.Comets (dirty snow balls) 2.Water was trapped in Earth when it formed. Volcanoes released this into the atmosphere.

19. III. Earth’s Water This is also called the hydrosphere

20. A.Location Where is the Earth’s water found? III. Earth’s Water

21. TypePercentageVolume Used in Model Total100 %2000 mL The Hydrosphere

22. TypePercentageVolume Used in Model Total100 %2000 mL Salt Water (oceans)97.2% The Hydrosphere

23. TypePercentageVolume Used in Model Total100 %2000 mL Salt Water (oceans)97.2%1941 mL Fresh Water2.8% Ice Underground Surface Soil & Air The Hydrosphere

24. TypePercentageVolume Used in Model Total100 %2000 mL Salt Water (oceans)97.2%1941 mL Fresh Water2.8%56 mL Ice2.3% Underground Surface Soil & Air The Hydrosphere

25. TypePercentageVolume Used in Model Total100 %2000 mL Salt Water (oceans)97.2%1941 mL Fresh Water2.8%56 mL Ice2.3%46 mL Underground0.4% Surface Soil & Air The Hydrosphere

26. TypePercentageVolume Used in Model Total100 %2000 mL Salt Water (oceans)97.2%1941 mL Fresh Water2.8%56 mL Ice2.3%46 mL Underground0.4%8 mL Surface~ 0.05%1 mL Soil & Air~ 0.01%0.2 mL The Hydrosphere

27. A.Location B.Amount of frozen water has varied III. Earth’s Water

28. A.Location B.Amount of frozen water has varied 1.During ice ages as much as 10% of hydrosphere was frozen. III. Earth’s Water

29. A.Location B.Amount of frozen water has varied 1.During ice ages as much as 10% of hydrosphere was frozen. 2.Sea level varied by hundreds of meters. Due to melting of glaciers and tectonic forces altering sea floor. III. Earth’s Water

30. C.Most of Earth’s surface is covered by water (71%) III. Earth’s Water

31. 1.The hemisphere contains higher percentage of water. III. Earth’s Water C.Most of Earth’s surface is covered by water (71%)

32. III. Earth’s Water C.Most of Earth’s surface is covered by water (71%) 1.The southern hemisphere contains higher percentage of water. 2.All oceans are connected.

33. III. Earth’s Water C.Most of Earth’s surface is covered by water (71%) 1.The southern hemisphere contains higher percentage of water. 2.All oceans are connected. 3.Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian oceans are main oceans.

34. III. Earth’s Water C.Most of Earth’s surface is covered by water (71%) 1.The southern hemisphere contains higher percentage of water. 2.All oceans are connected. 3.Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian oceans are main oceans. 4.Seas are partly or mostly surrounded by land.

35. III. Earth’s Water C.Most of Earth’s surface is covered by water (71%) 1.The southern hemisphere contains higher percentage of water. 2.All oceans are connected. 3.Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian oceans are main oceans. 4.Seas are partly or mostly surrounded by land. 5.Sea ice forms in the Arctic and Antarctic seas.

36. The End

37. Seawater - 15.2 Objectives compare & contrast physical and chemical properties of seawater explain ocean layering describe the formation of deep- water masses

38. I. Chemical Properties

39. A measure of the dissolved salts in water. I. Chemical Properties A.Salinity

40. I. Chemical Properties A.Salinity 1.Sea water is about 35 parts per thousand (ppt) salts

41. I. Chemical Properties A.Salinity 1.Sea water is about 35 parts per thousand (ppt) salts 2.Salts include Na +, Cl -, SO 4 2-, Mg 2+, Ca 2+, K +, HCO 3 -, and others

42. I. Chemical Properties A.Salinity 3.The salinity varies and is lower where there is...

43. I. Chemical Properties A.Salinity 3.The salinity varies and is lower where there is... a.a lot of precipitation

44. I. Chemical Properties A.Salinity 3.The salinity varies and is lower where there is... a.a lot of precipitation b.an estuary/river delta

45. I. Chemical Properties A.Salinity 3.The salinity varies and is lower where there is... a.a lot of precipitation b.an estuary/river delta c.melting of glaciers

46. I. Chemical Properties A.Salinity 4.Source of sea salt

47. I. Chemical Properties A.Salinity 4.Source of sea salt a.the atmosphere (Cl - and SO 4 2- )

48. I. Chemical Properties A.Salinity 4.Source of sea salt a.the atmosphere (Cl - and SO 4 2- ) b.weathering rocks (Na +, K +, Ca 2+ from feldspar)

49. I. Chemical Properties A.Salinity 4.Source of sea salt 5.Removing sea salt

50. I. Chemical Properties A.Salinity 4.Source of sea salt 5.Removing sea salt a.deposited when water evaporates

51. I. Chemical Properties A.Salinity 4.Source of sea salt 5.Removing sea salt a.deposited when water evaporates b.carried via sea spray

52. I. Chemical Properties A.Salinity 4.Source of sea salt 5.Removing sea salt a.deposited when water evaporates b.carried via sea spray c.marine organisms use it in building shells, bones, and teeth

53. II. Physical Properties

54. A.Density is greater than 1.00 g/cm 3 Density of fresh water is 1.00 g/cm 3

55. Can be as low as -2ºC II. Physical Properties A.Density is greater than 1.00 g/cm 3 B.Freezing point is less than 0ºC

56. II. Physical Properties A.Density is greater than 1.00 g/cm 3 B.Freezing point is less than 0ºC C.Light absorption

57. II. Physical Properties A.Density is greater than 1.00 g/cm 3 B.Freezing point is less than 0ºC C.Light absorption 1.Water absorbs light The ocean is completely dark at depths > 100 m

58. II. Physical Properties A.Density is greater than 1.00 g/cm 3 B.Freezing point is less than 0ºC C.Light absorption 1.Water absorbs light 2.Some colors penetrate further than others

59. II. Physical Properties D.Layers

60. II. Physical Properties D.Layers 1.The deeper you go the _____ the temp.

61. II. Physical Properties D.Layers 1.The deeper you go the cooler the temp. 2.Temperature profiles show water depth/temperature relationship

62. II. Physical Properties D.Layers 1.The deeper you go the cooler the temp. 2.Temperature profiles show water depth/temperature relationship 3.The thermocline is a layer in which the temperature decreases linearly with depth

63. II. Physical Properties D.Layers 1.The deeper you go the cooler the temp. 2.Temperature profiles show water depth/temperature relationship 3.The thermocline is a layer in which the temperature decreases linearly with depth 4.There is no thermocline for polar seas

64. II. Physical Properties E.Water masses

65. II. Physical Properties E.Water masses 1.Cold water comes from polar seas

66. II. Physical Properties E.Water masses 1.Cold water comes from polar seas 2.Surface water sinks as salinity increases due to sea ice formation

67. II. Physical Properties E.Water masses 1.Cold water comes from polar seas 2.Surface water sinks as salinity increases due to sea ice formation 3.Deep currents carry water to the equator

68. The End

69. Ocean Movements – 15.3 Objectives describe the physical properties of waves explain how tides form compare and contrast various ocean currents http://tv-antenna.com/heavy-seas/3/

70. I. Waves Periodic movement that carries energy from one place to another.

71. I. Waves A.Wave characteristics

72. I. Waves A.Wave characteristics 1.Crest The peak of a wave http://ans.hsh.no/home/bji/Fys01/week8/nasa/

73. I. Waves A.Wave characteristics 1.Crest 2.Trough Lowest part of a wave http://ans.hsh.no/home/bji/Fys01/week8/nasa/

74. I. Waves A.Wave characteristics 1.Crest 2.Trough 3.Wavelength Distance between successive wave crests (or troughs) http://ans.hsh.no/home/bji/Fys01/week8/nasa/

75. I. Waves A.Wave characteristics 1.Crest 2.Trough 3.Wavelength 4.Wave height Depends on wind speed, wind duration, and fetch.

76. I. Waves A.Wave characteristics 5.Breakers Collapsing waves

77. I. Waves A.Wave characteristics 5.Breakers More friction with ocean bottom causes waves to slow. a.Waves slow down

78. I. Waves A.Wave characteristics 5.Breakers The tops of the waves collapse forward because the bottoms are being slowed a.Waves slow down b.Waves become unstable

79. I. Waves B.Tides Periodic rise and fall of sea level.

80. I. Waves B.Tides 1.High tide Highest level to which water rises (a bulge of water)

81. I. Waves B.Tides 1.High tide 2.Low tide Lowest level water rises (caused by lack of water)

82. I. Waves B.Tides 3.Types of daily cycles Caused by topography and latitude

83. I. Waves B.Tides 3.Types of daily cycles Characterized by __ high tides each day a.Semidiurnal

84. I. Waves B.Tides 3.Types of daily cycles Have one pronounced high tide and one _____ high tide a.Semidiurnal b.Mixed

85. I. Waves B.Tides 3.Types of daily cycles a.Semidiurnal b.Mixed c.Diurnal Characterized by one ____ ____ each day

86. I. Waves B.Tides 4.Cause of tides tutorial

87. I. Waves B.Tides 4.Cause of tides a.Gravity from the moon pulls on earth/oceans

88. I. Waves B.Tides 4.Cause of tides a.Gravity from the moon pulls on earth/oceans b.Centrifugal motion moves the water away from Earth

89. I. Waves B.Tides 4.Cause of tides c.During spring tide (unrelated to the season) high tides are highest

90. I. Waves B.Tides 4.Cause of tides c.During spring tide (unrelated to the season) high tides are highest d.During neap tide high tides are lower and low tides are higher than normal

91. I. Waves B.Tides 4.Cause of tides e.The sun influences tides to a smaller degree This is because of the greater distance between Earth and the sun (compared to Earth and the moon)

92. II. Ocean Currents A.Density currents Move bottom water according to temperature and salinity differences

93. II. Ocean Currents A.Density currents B.Surface currents Driven by surface wind.

94. II. Ocean Currents A.Density currents B.Surface currents Trade winds, prevailing westerlies, polar easterly winds. Coriolis effect alters directions 1.Follow global wind patterns

95. II. Ocean Currents A.Density currents B.Surface currents 1.Follow global wind patterns 2.Currents from the poles bring colder water, while currents from equator bring warmer water

96. II. Ocean Currents A.Density currents B.Surface currents Circular surface ocean currents 1.Follow global wind patterns 2.Currents from the poles bring colder water, while currents from equator bring warmer water 3.Gyres develop due to landmasses interacting with current flow

97. Major Ocean Currents

98. II. Ocean Currents C.Upwelling brings nutrient-rich water. Movement of cold water upward as surface water is blown by offshore winds

99. The End