1. Economic & Political Life: Power, Status, & Achievement

2. Sex differences in prominence Political Artistic Business Concert conductors Academic Medical Legal

3. Sex Differences in Income Family Households Married couple $60,491 Female Headed 28, 142 Male Headed 40,715 Non Family Households Female 20,264 Male 32,312 Median earnings of full-time year round workers Female 29,215 Male 38,275

4. Explanations of those differences Differences in Achievement Motivation – The general personality disposition to strive for success in any situation where standards of excellence are applied. Differences in Power Motivation – The tendency to strive to feel that one is having an impact on others.

5. David McClelland - 1953 1.Women get higher achievement motive scores than men do under neutral conditions 2.Women do not show an increase in achievement motive scores when given achievement=involving instructions 3.Women’s achievement motive scores relate to their performance in the same way that men’s do.

6. The Achieving Society - 1961

7. Atkinson & Feather - 1966 1.Strength of underlying Achievement Motivation 2.Probability of Success 3.Incentive or reward value of success

8. Matina Horner 1968 “After first term finals Ann/John finds herself/himself at the top of her medical school class…..” 65% of women had negative consequences for Ann 10% of the men had negative consequences for John

9. “Fear of Success” 2 views 1.Flight from role-inappropriate behaviors; it’s a realistic appraisal. No reason to believe women and men difference in the strength of their basic motivations toward success. 2.Women fear success.

10. Michelle Paludi - 1984 Variation in Achievement Motivation RangeAverage Females 6-93% 49 Males 7-95% 45

11. Defining Achievement and Power Men – world of work Women – world of children and home Do they have equal value????

12. How to be a good wife

13. Access to Resources – 1970’s 1.Capacity to reward & punish 2.Credentials of expertise 3.Legitimacy of authority 4.Being identified with and liked by others 5.Information

14. Paula Johnson - 1976 Different strategies of influence 1.Direct vs indirect 2.Personal vs concrete 3.Helplessness vs competence