1. Wind What can it be used for:  Heat Electricity Generation  Transportation (other than via electricity)

2. Wind Farms Washington State in 2005 283 megawatts Puget Sound Energy - Coming online in the next year 380 megawatts Potential - 3,740 megawatts

3. Washington Wind

4. U.S. Wind Potential

5. Wind Conclusions ProsCons 1.Renewable 2.Clean 3.Relatively cheap 4.Duel use of the land 1.Requires constant high winds (or storage) 2.Takes space (but less than coal) 3.Usually far from people Outlook: Excellent - one of the most promising alternate energy sources. (Still can only provide a portion of energy needs.)

7. Tidal What can it be used for:  Heat Electricity Generation  Transportation (other than via electricity) Potential: 60 gigawatts (2% of total tidal energy)

8. Rance River Tidal Project (France) 13.4 m tidal range

9. Tidal Power in the NW (Using strong tidal currents)

10. Tidal Conclusions ProsCons 1.Renewable 2.Clean 3.Cheap to maintain. 1.Requires >5m tidal range 2.Coastal habitat impacts 3.Erosion from high water flows Outlook: Has potential but limited to coastal regions. Need to be careful of impacts.

11. Water: Hydroelectric What can it be used for:  Heat Electricity Generation  Transportation (other than via electricity)

12. Hydroelectric Generator

13. Hydro Output About 20% world electricity & 10% U.S. electricity (75% Seattle)

14. Washington Hydro Ice Harbor Dam (Snake R.) Boundary Dam (Pend d’Oreille R.) Ross Dam

15. Washington Hydro

16. Three Gorges Dam, China Largest dam in the world Yangtze River Cost - $24 billion (up to $75 billion!) 350 mi reservoir Power - 18 Gigawatts (Grand Coulee - 6.8 MW) Started - 2004 Completion - 2009

17. Hydro Conclusions ProsCons 1.Renewable & Clean 2.Multiple Use: Flood control & irrigation 3.Respond well to varying demands 4.Long lifetime/low maintenance costs 1.Very expensive start 2.Relocation of people 3.Potential failure 4.Sedimentation 5.Downstream erosion 6.Evaporation of water 7.Spread of disease 8.Environmental impact Outlook: Very site specific (some are much better than others). Major expansion in the past - days of building new big dams is over. However, local potential in… a)Loss of habitat b)Increase water temp & decrease oxygen c)Salmon issues d)Flooding upstream

18. Hydro Alternatives 1.Smaller Dams 2.Run-of-the-River Plants 12 + 32 MW Snoqualmie Falls Power Plant

19. Solar What can it be used for: Heat Electricity Generation  Transportation (other than via electricity)

20. Passive Solar

21. Active Solar: Photovoltaics

22. Active Solar: Solar II Plant

23. Energy Storage Batteries

24. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Use alternate energy to make hydrogen from water. Use hydrogen as a fuel in Hydrogen Fuel Cell.

25. Solar Potential Average Solar radiation in cal/cm 2

26. Solar Conclusions ProsCons 1.Clean 2.Renewable & plentiful 3.Cheap to maintain 1.Expensive start-up costs 2.Requires sun & space 3.Cells are “dirty” to make 4.Requires energy storage (at night, etc.) Outlook: As the cost of solar decreases (including subsidies), there is no reason why it won’t become part of the energy mix everywhere.

27. Adds 5-10% to initial house price However - Saves 30-40% over house’s lifetime

28. Conservation 1.Increase Efficiency Autos Homes Industry 2.Co-Generation 3.Personal Choices 4.Recycling

29. Conservation 1.Increase Efficiency Autos Homes Industry 2.Co-Generation 3.Personal Choices 4.Recycling Microturbines

30. Conservation 1.Increase Efficiency Autos Homes Industry 2.Co-Generation 3.Personal Choices 4.Recycling

31. Best Option: Conservation & Diversification Apollo Energy Project

32. Iceland Hydrogen Economy by 2030