1. Visual Attention More information in visual field than we can process at a given moment Solutions Shifts of Visual Attention related to eye movements Some targets “pop-out”

2. Visual Search Feature Integration Theory (Ann Treisman) Parallel pre-attentive stage Parallel feature detection modules (e.g. intensity, color, orientation) Feature maps for each module Feature maps combinations  Salience Map

3. Attention Control Two Mechanisms Bottom-up Biases the observer towards selecting stimuli based on their saliency Importance of unexpected Feature maps calculated based on differences to neighbors (human eye) Top-down directs the “spotlight of attention” under cognitive, volitional control Importance of desired Use of prior information (knowledge)

4. Integration of Motion Motion is of fundamental importance in biological vision systems Contributes to visual attention as confirmed by Watanabe et al. Weighted summation of the feature maps Attending only the moving objects.

5. Integration of Prior Knowledge (top-down) Draw attention to regions with specific characteristics (e.g. human faces) Generate a feature map based on skin activation Link it with the rest of the maps

6. Computational Model (Itti & Koch)

7. Intensity Map Orientation Map Color Map Motion Map Skin Map Demonstrative Results Possible Regions of Interest:  Hands  Head  Shoulders

8. Motion Map May attend only the moving objects! Itti & Koch mapEqually Weighted maps Motion & Skin biased