1. Measuring Precipitation

2. How? Raingauges Radar Snow pillows Hail pads Precipitation patterns

3. Measuring Rain w/ Standard Gauge Figure 8.27 Standard rain gauge uses a funnel to collect rain and then stores it in a narrower tube, so that the gauge detection is amplified 10-fold. The 50 cm long tube, when filled, represents only 5 cm of total rainfall.

4. Measuring Rain w/ Recording Gauge Tipping bucket and weighing rain gauges record precipitation rate at shorter time intervals, providing rain intensity data. Snow intensity can be measured with depth recorders, or accumulated totals with measuring sticks. Figure 8.28

6. NEXRAD -- The WSR-88D A radar

7. WSR-88D Specifications Weather Surveillance Radar commissioned in 1988 with Doppler capability. The radar tower is 98 feet high and has an antenna that is 28 feet in diameter. It has a beamwidth of 0.95 degrees and rotates at a rate of 36 degrees per second.

9. Radar Rainfall Figure 8.29A Doppler radar uses microwave transmission and reception to measure backscatter intensity, or reflectivity for large geographic areas. This signal is converted into maps of precipitation intensity. Figure 8.29B

10. Rain gauge

11. Snow Pillows Measure the weight of snow accumulated on the pillow Problems with drifting

12. Snow depth Snow can be measured as an actual depth by sticking a measuring stick into it This is not reliable as the depth will change the next place you measure Depth will depend on the type of snowflakes that fall (how fluffy they are)

13. Equivalent rain water depth Usually more useful to know how much rain the snow would be equivalent to if it melted Can use a heated raingauge Or convert from snowdepth to rain water equivalent

14. Equivalent rain water depth Usual conversion is 10 to 1 10cm of snow = 1cm of rain –(or 10” snow = 1” rain) But very variable and depends on type of snow and how long it’s been settling

15. Hail pads Measure the force with which a hailstone impacts the pad Can calculate hail size Small and unrepresentative Hail reports usually from spotters

16. Annual Precip

17. Annual hail incidence

18. Annual snowfall