1. Planning in Molecular Systematic Studies

2. Planning for Molecular Systematics -Define the problem -Conduct a pilot study -Determine the appropriate sampling strategy -Collect samples -Analyze the samples -Analyze the data Molecular systematic studies require particularly careful planning because they usually relatively expensive and may involve destructive sampling of organisms

3. Define the problem -Study of population structure heterozygosity; out-crossing rate etc. random mating population; subpopulations (island model); continuous population (isolation-by-distance model) -Study of species boundaries and hybridization sympatric; allopatric etc. -Phylogenetic relationship taxonomic level (species, genus, family, order etc.)

4. Conduct Pilot Study -To find suitable method(s) for sample (DNA, protein) extraction -To find suitable molecular technique(s) dominant/codominat; genotype; haplotype -To find suitable genetic marker(s) (DNA regions or genomes) with appropriate amount of variation

5. Determine sampling strategy -Number of samples population study – 5-50 samples per population species boundary/hybridization – 2 samples per population Phylogenetic study – 1-2 samples per species/taxon

6. Determine sampling strategy -Methods of sampling destructive sampling – organisms killed invasive sampling – organisms under stress non-invasive sampling – no need organism contact

7. Steps in Molecular Systematic Study -Define the problem -Conduct a pilot study -Determine the appropriate sampling strategy -Collect samples -Analyze the samples -Analyze the data