Download presentation
1
Problem Solving And Decision Making
Chapter 8
2
Definition Problem solving refers to active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily attainable.
3
Types of Problems (Greeno)
Problems of Inducing Structure Problems of Arrangement Problems of Transformation
4
Approaches to Problem Solving
Trial & Error Heuristics Forming Subgoals (Tower of Hanoi) Working Backwards (Water Lilies) Using Analogies (Tumor) Reenvisioning the Problem
5
Barriers to Effective Problem Solving
Irrelevant (Distracting) Information Functional Fixedness (Screw Driver) Mental Set Unnecessary Constraints
6
Decision Making Two types of decisions
Making choices (selecting among alternatives) Taking chances (deciding amidst uncertainty)
7
Selecting Among Alternatives
Strategies Additive Subtractive (Elimination of Aspects)
8
Making “Risky” Decisions
Risky Decisions (Tversky & Kahneman) Factors Influencing Risky Decisions Using Probabilities Expected Value Subjective Utility Factors that Affect Probability Estimates Heuristics Availability Representativeness Ignoring Base Rates The Conjunction Fallacy Alternative Outcomes Effect Framing the Question
9
Humans as Decision Makers
Classic View Irrational Prone to errors & mistakes Mentally limited Evolutionary View Specialized cognition is adaptive Rational Fast and Frugal heuristics work Dual Process Theories Intuitive Thinking Rational Thinking
10
Reducing Regret after Decisions
$20 Told next person tasks were fun and interesting Cognitive Dissonance Theory Asked how much they enjoyed experiment Boring Tasks Told next person tasks were fun and interesting $1
11
Making Decisions in Groups
Group Polarization Groupthink
12
Group Polarization Group Polarization- tendency to shift toward more extreme positions after group discussion Risky Cautious Neutral
13
Groupthink Groupthink- syndrome of bad decision-making 12.17 4 12 13
Similar presentations
© 2025 SlidePlayer.com. Inc.
All rights reserved.