1. 10-8-20081 Brown Bag Buildings David E. Culler Building Innovations Workshop Feb 24, 2009

2. 10-8-2008 2 What they say about buldings Source: U.S. Department of Energy 2007 Building Energy Data Book. Sept 2007 The Numbers Tell the Story $370 Billion Total U.S. Annual Energy Costs 200% Increase in U.S. Electricity Consumption Since 1990 40% Total U.S. Energy Consumption for Buildings 72% Total U.S. Electricity Consumption for Buildings 55% Total U.S. Natural Gas Consumption for Buildings The Numbers Tell the Story $370 Billion Total U.S. Annual Energy Costs 200% Increase in U.S. Electricity Consumption Since 1990 40% Total U.S. Energy Consumption for Buildings 72% Total U.S. Electricity Consumption for Buildings 55% Total U.S. Natural Gas Consumption for Buildings

3. 10-8-2008 3 Buildings Matter! Buildings construction/renovation contributed 9.5% to US GDP and employs approximately 8 million people. Buildings’ utility bills totaled $370 Billion in 2005. Buildings use 72 % of the electricity and 55 % of the nation’s natural gas. Source: Buildings Energy Data Book 2007

4. 10-8-2008 4 EPA Nat Action Plan for Energy Efficiency 30% of energy consumed in buildings is wasted 66% electrical, 34% gas and other 15.5 kWh per square foot * 2003 EIA Commercial Building Consumption Survey

5. 10-8-2008 5 How ‘bout Berkeley Buildings? Stanley Koshland Soda Cory LSA McCone National average

6. 10-8-2008 6 Soda…Green? 511 kw average power consumption 4.5 M kwh per year 41.2 kwh/sq ft annually 3 times national average

7. 10-8-2008 7 State of the Art Building Energy Monitoring

8. 10-8-2008 8 With a little programming … Do nothing well …

9. 10-8-2008 9 Peaks or Baseline?

10. 10-8-2008 10 Where does it all go? Lighting? Heating, Ventilation and Cooling (HVAC)? Plug Loads – desktops, laptops, kitchenettes? Servers? Microfab?

11. 10-8-2008 11 Structural: Soda Electrical 12 KV dist. 2x Substation 1200 A 277/480 3 phase 2500 A 120/208 3 phase 2x Chiller MCM1 HP1A 400 HP1A 400 HP2A 600 HP3A 400 HP4A 400 HP5A 400 HP6A 100 HP7A 400 MCM2 Lighting Pumps Fans Machine Rooms Offices Classrooms LP2E 225 LP2D 225 LP2C 225 LP1A 400 LP2A 800 HP3A 400 HP4A 400 HP5A 400 HP6A 100 HP7A 400 LP1B 400 LP2B 225 LP2G 225 LP2F 225 LP2E 225 LP2D 225 LP2C 225 LP3B 225 LP2E 225 LP2D 225 LP2C 225 LP4B 225 LP2E 225 LP2C 225 LP5B 225 LP2D 225 LP2C 225 LP2B 225 LP2D 225 LP2C 225 LP2B 225 LP2K 225 LP2J 225 LP2I 225 LP2H 225 LP2G 225 LP2F 225 LP2K 225 LP2J 225 LP2I 225 LP2H 225 LP2G 225 LP2F 225 LP2J 225 LP2I 225 LP2H 225 LP2G 225 LP2F 225 ~42 circuits each

12. 10-8-2008 12 Structural: Soda HVAC Blow cold air throughout building Maintain circulation Adjust cooling with vents and VFDs Heat it where needed AC determined by needs of the worst heat load –Comm closet 2x chillers Cooling Towers 287288290 340 420 530 Pumps Fans Machine Room ACCs

13. 10-8-2008 13 SCADA portion 1300 sense / ctrl points in Soda Hall Vast database of action / effect No science to turning all the knobs

14. 10-8-2008 14 Some initial steps When you don’t (cant) have the sensors you want, get as much as you can with the ones you have. Take inventory Build models Point measurements Sample in time, space, population

15. 10-8-2008 15 Blueprint Analysis of Lighting Total Provisioning: 193 kVA How much is Active? Idle?

16. 10-8-2008 16 HVAC components Chillers2 x 130 kw Colling Towers:2 x 33.2 kw Computer Room units:12 x 45 kVA AHU SF: 3.2 kw AHU RF: 2.3 kw Economizers:4 x 2.6 kw + 2.1 + 1.4 Supply fans:4 x 2.3 kw + 1.4 Pumps:2 x 9.3 kw + 2 x 14 kw Compressors:2 x 5 kw - It’s all duty cycle

17. 10-8-2008 17 Estimating the Server Load Forsake temporal dimension Inventory the servers Measure their idle and active power Estimate total load

18. 10-8-2008 18 Research Server Rooms - 443 Machines Ganglia

19. 10-8-2008 19 Server Power Consumption Do nothing well

20. 10-8-2008 20 Putting it Together x 1/PDU efficiency + ACC If P idle = 0 we’d save ~125 kw x 24 hours x 365 …

21. 10-8-2008 21 Breaking Soda down Servers / Clusters HVAC / CRU / PDU support Lighting HVAC & Plug Loads

22. 10-8-2008 22 Plug Loads 1178 Hosts (desktops, laptops, switches) in network database –Power profile, duty cycle? Kitchens Projectors …

23. 10-8-2008 23 Subset (plugs) of a region (RAD lab)

24. 10-8-2008 24 Working up from the leaves …

25. 10-8-2008 25 Sample of the RAD Lab “population” ApplianceActualMeasured Desktop42 Laptop256 LCD254 Refrigerator11 Coffee maker11 Projector62 Xbox11 Conf. phone51

26. 10-8-2008 26 Rad Lab Power Usage (72 hours)

27. 10-8-2008 27 Guess this load… HP desktop Workstation Idle Power Active Power Duty Cycle

28. 10-8-2008 28 Guess this Load … Dell Dimension desktop Idle Power Half the idle power!

29. 10-8-2008 29 Guess this Load … Thinkpad T61 laptop Active power actually depends on what it is doing Actually sleeps! Midnight madness…

30. 10-8-2008 30 Guess this Load … MacBook Pro laptop

31. 10-8-2008 31 Guess this Load … Sun 24’’ LCD

32. 10-8-2008 32 Guess this Load … 15’’ IBM LCD Not so big and beautiful, But a whole lot greener! Busy person

33. 10-8-2008 33 Guess this Load … Desktop + monitor

34. 10-8-2008 34 Guess this Load … Laptop + monitor Windows “turns off” monitor Monitor “unplugged” screensaver

35. 10-8-2008 35 Guess this Load … HP B&W laser printer

36. 10-8-2008 36 Guess this Load … HP color laser printer

37. 10-8-2008 37 Guess this Load … CRT TV

38. 10-8-2008 38 Guess this Load … Sanyo HD projector

39. 10-8-2008 39 Guess this Load … Polycom Phone

40. 10-8-2008 40 Guess this Load … Refrigerator

41. 10-8-2008 41 Guess this Load … Coffee maker

42. 10-8-2008 42 Guess this Load … Water dispenser

43. 10-8-2008 43 Composite Power Picture Monitor On, Unplugged Desktop Idle inauguration Projector left On Clean Shutdown

44. 10-8-2008 44 The Rad Lab Power Pie

45. 10-8-2008 45 Relationship to the Bigger Picture

46. 10-8-2008 46 UCB today Consumes 210 M kwh annually [campus sustainability assessment] Buildings measured @ 130 M kwh annually [demandless] –approx $13 M Top 15 buildings are 2-4 time national average khw/sq ft and constitute 58% of the 130 M IT is a big part of the problem IT can potentially be a big part of the solution –We need to gain most of the reduction by utilizing existing facilities better –“Physical” Information processing to identify where the energy goes, what to change and how. –Big gains come from changing behavior, and this is most effective from the bottom up. –IT is key to providing the energy awareness to guide action

47. 10-8-2008 47 Auto-DR Study Tweak the facilities knobs Change Behavior

48. 10-8-2008 48 Further evidence that behavior matters 3x difference in consumption for same setting

49. 10-8-2008 49 Staged Energy Awareness Export existing facilities instrumentation into real-time feed and archival physical information base –Retain isolation of facilities control Augment with usage-focused sensing –Numerous emerging products, possible flagship Create highly visible consumer feedback and remediation guidance –Think Pruis, not web page. Localized solutions. Sponsor whole-building dynamic models Expect it to generate maintenance work orders

50. 10-8-2008 50 Resources http://www.demandless.org/building/ http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/documents/sect or-meeting/4bi_officebuilding.pdfhttp://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/documents/sect or-meeting/4bi_officebuilding.pdf http://sustainability.berkeley.edu/ http://acme.cs.berkeley.edu/