1. E.G.M. Petrakislists1 Lists  List: finite sequence of data elements  all elements have the same data type  The operations depend on the type of the list and not on the data type  List: the most general type  Ordered: element is ascending order  Stacks, Queues: not all operations are allowed

2. E.G.M. Petrakislists2 list or head info next list new element Insertion after current position current rear or tail

3. E.G.M. Petrakislists3 list or head list new element Insertion at current position current rear or tail

4. E.G.M. Petrakislists4 list or head list or head deleted element Deletion after current position current rear or tail

5. E.G.M. Petrakislists5 list or head list or head deleted element Deletion at current position current rear or tail

6. E.G.M. Petrakislists6 Terminology  empty: contains no elements  length: number of elements in list  head, or list: pointer to the beginning of the list  tail: pointer to the last element  current: pointer to current element  ordered: elements in ascending or descending order

7. E.G.M. Petrakislists7 Operations  setFirst: set “current” to “head”  setPos(i): sets current to the i-th element  currValue: returns value of “current” element  next/prev: “current” points to next/previous element  clear: delete all elements  insert: inserts an element at/after current position  append: inserts an element at “tail”  remove: delete the element at/after “current” position  isInList: true/false if current position is in list  isEmpty: true/false if list is empty

8. E.G.M. Petrakislists8 ADT List interface List { // List ADT in Java public void clear(); // Remove all Objects public void insert(Object item); // Insert at curr pos public void append(Object item); // Insert at tail public Object remove(); // Remove/return curr public void setFirst(); // Set to first pos public void next(); // Move to next pos public void prev(); // Move to prev pos public int length(); // Return curr length public void setPos(int pos); // Set curr position public void setValue(Object val); // Set current value public Object currValue(); // Return curr value public boolean isEmpty(); // True if empty list public boolean isInList(); // True if in list } // interface List

9. E.G.M. Petrakislists9 Iteration  Iterate through the whole list : MyList for (MyList.first( ); MyList.isInList( ); MyList.next( )) DoSomething(MyList.currValue( ));  If MyList: (12 32 15) and current points to 32 thenMyList.insert(90) changes the list to be (12 32 90 15)

10. E.G.M. Petrakislists10 List Implementations  Array-based: very fast  the elements are stored in array  static: actual number of elements less than size allocated  Dynamic Memory: slower, more efficient  allocates memory for new elements  dynamic: no restriction on number of elements (except memory size)

11. E.G.M. Petrakislists11 Array Implementation (1)  Elements in continuous array positions  Head of list at pos 0  Insertion and Deletion cause shifting of elements

12. E.G.M. Petrakislists12 class AList implements List { // Array-based list class private static final int defaultSize = 10; private int msize; // Maximum size of list private int numInList; // Actual list size private int curr; // Position of curr private Object[] listArray; // Array holding list AList() { setup(defaultSize); } // Constructor AList(int sz) { setup(sz); } // Constructor private void setup(int sz) { // Do initializations msize = sz; numInList = curr = 0; ListArray = new Object[sz]; // Create listArray } public void clear() // Remove all Objects from list { numInList = curr = 0; } // Simply reinitialize values

13. E.G.M. Petrakislists13 public void insert(Object it) { // Insert at curr pos Assert.notFalse(numInList < msize, "List is full"); Assert.notFalse((curr >=0) && (curr <= numInList), "Bad value for curr"); for (int i=numInList; i>curr; i--) // Shift up listArray[i] = listArray[i-1]; listArray[curr] = it; numInList++; // Increment list size } public void append(Object it) { // Insert at tail Assert.notFalse(numInList < msize, "List is full"); listArray[numInList++] = it; // Increment list size } public Object remove() { // Remove and return Object Assert.notFalse(!isEmpty(), "No delete: list empty"); Assert.notFalse(isInList(), "No current element"); Object it = listArray[curr]; // Hold removed Object for (int i=curr; i<numInList-1; i++) // Shift down listArray[i] = listArray[i+1]; numInList--; // Decrement list size return it; }

14. E.G.M. Petrakislists14 public void setFirst() { curr = 0; } // Set to first public void prev() { curr--; } // Move curr to prev public void next() { curr++; } // Move curr to next public int length() { return numInList; } public void setPos(int pos) { curr = pos; } public boolean isEmpty() { return numInList == 0; } public void setValue(Object it) { // Set current value Assert.notFalse(isInList(), "No current element"); listArray[curr] = it; } public boolean isInList() // True if curr within list { return (curr >= 0) && (curr < numInList); } } // Array-based list implementation

15. E.G.M. Petrakislists15 Array Implementation (2) 1 11526 list 026 105 1211 1 8 9 10 11 12 13 nodes NULL

16. E.G.M. Petrakislists16 31313 14 376 5 12 List 1 1726 List 2 311932 List 3 1181311415 List 4

17. E.G.M. Petrakislists17 1260 21110 3516 4125 5171 6132 7 819 91413 10422 11 12318 1363 14 15 163724 17312 18 19320 20 2179 22150 23 24120 25186 List 4 List 2 List 3 List 1

18. E.G.M. Petrakislists18 class AList implements List { // Array-based list class private static final int defaultSize = 10; private int msize; // Maximum size of list private int numInList; // Actual list size private int curr; // Position of curr private int avail;// next available position private Object[] listArray; // Array holding list private int[] listarray_next;// array holding pointers to next Object private void setup(int sz) {// Do initializations msize = sz; numinlist = curr = 0; listarray = new Object[sz]; listarray_next = new int[sz]; avail = 0;// the first available element for (i=0; i < msize; i++) listarray_next[i] = i+1;// each elem points to its successor listarray_next[msize-1] = nothing;// the last elem has no next }

19. E.G.M. Petrakislists19 private int get_node( ) { // Get next available node if (avail == nothing) // from stack error(‘list overflow’) else { int pos = avail; avail = listarray_next[avail]; return pos; } private void free_node (int p) { // make node available listarray_next[p] = avail; // push node back to stack avail =p; } private void insert(int p, Object x) {// insert after node pointed to by “p” if (p = msize) error (‘void insertion’) else { int q = get_node( ); listarray[q] = x; listarray_next[q] = listarray_next[p]; listarray_next[p] = q; }

20. E.G.M. Petrakislists20 private void delete(int p, Object x) { if ( p > 0 || p >= msize) // deletes elem after elem error (‘void deletion’); // pointed to by “p” else { int q = listarray_next[p]; x = listarray[q]; listarray_next[p] = listarray_next[q]; free_node(q); } public AList() { setup(defaultSize); } // Constructor public AList(int sz) { setup(sz); } // Constructor public void clear( ) {…}// remove all ELEMs from list public void insert(Object it) {…}// insert ELEM at current position public void append(Object it) {…}// insert ELEM at tail of list public Object remove( ) {…}// remove and return current ELEM public void setFirst( ) {…}// set curr to first position; public void prev( ) {…}// move curr to previous position; public void next( ) {…}// move curr to next position; public int length( ) {…}// return current length of list } // Array-based list implementation

21. E.G.M. Petrakislists21 Dynamic Memory  Allocates memory for new elements as needed  Each node is a distinct object  The node class class Link { // A linked-list node private Object element; // Object for this node private Link next; // Pointer to next node Link(Object it, Link nextval) // Constructor { element = it; next = nextval; } Link(Link nextval) { next = nextval; } // Constructor Link next() { return next; } Link setNext(Link nextval) { return next = nextval; } Object element() { return element; } Object setElement(Object it) { return element = it; } }

22. E.G.M. Petrakislists22 class LList implements List { // Linked list class private Link head; // Pointer to list header private Link tail; // Pointer to last Object in list protected Link curr; // Position of current Object LList(int sz) { setup(); } // Constructor LList() { setup(); } // Constructor private void setup() { tail = head = curr = new Link(null); } public void setFirst() { curr = head; } public void next() { if (curr != null) curr = curr.next(); } public void prev() { // Move to previous position Link temp = head; if ((curr == null) || (curr == head)) // No prev { curr = null; return; } // so return while ((temp != null) && (temp.next() != curr)) temp = temp.next(); curr = temp; }

23. E.G.M. Petrakislists23 public Object currValue() { // Return current Object if (!isInList()) return null; return curr.next().element(); } public boolean isEmpty() // True if list is empty { return head.next() == null; } public void insert(Object it) {// Insert Object at current position Assert.notNull(curr, "No current element"); curr.setNext(new Link(it, curr.next())); if (tail == curr) // Appended new Object tail = curr.next(); } public Object remove() { // Remove/return curr Object if (!isInList()) return null; Object it = curr.next().element(); // Remember value if (tail == curr.next()) tail = curr; // Set tail curr.setNext(curr.next().next()); // Cut from list return it; // Return value }

24. E.G.M. Petrakislists24 public void append(Object it) // insert Elem at tail of list { tail.setNext(new Link(it, NULL)); } public int length( ) {// return current length of list int cnt = 0; for (Link temp = head.next(); temp != NULL; temp = temp.next()) cnt++; // count Elems return cnt; } public void setPos(int pos) {// set curr to position curr = head; for (int i = 0; (curr != NULL) && (i < pos) i++) curr = curr.next(); } public void setValue(Object val) {// set current Elem's value Assert.notFalse(isInList(), "No current element"); curr.next().setElement(val); } public bool isInList( )// TRUE if curr is within list { return (curr != NULL) && (curr.next() != NULL); } } // Linked list class implementation

25. E.G.M. Petrakislists25 Comparison  Array-Based Lists:  insertion and deletion are  (n)  prev and direct access are  (1)  fixed space allocated in advance  space reorganization if the array is full  faster in most cases  Linked Lists:  insertion and deletion are  (1)  prev and direct access are  (n)  space grows with number of elements  every element requires overhead  slower

26. E.G.M. Petrakislists26 Doubly Linked List  Allows for direct access to both next and previous elements of the current pointer  insert (delete) operations update both “next” and “prev” pointers  easy implementation curr.setNext(new DLink(it, curr.next(), curr)); if (curr.next().next() != null) curr.next().next().setPrev(curr.next()); if (tail == curr) // Appended new Object tail = curr.next();

27. E.G.M. Petrakislists27 Insertion in Doubly Linked List current

28. E.G.M. Petrakislists28 current Deletion in Doubly Linked List

29. E.G.M. Petrakislists29 Circular Linked Lists  The next pointer of the last element points to the first element