2. Particle pollution is linked to adverse health effects ~350,000 premature deaths a year within the EU are related to exposure to particulate matter (PM) (WHO, 2006) Concentrations levelling off National air quality objectives exceeded Sokhi (2007) PM 10 = Particles <10µm in diameter EU Objective WHO Objective

3. Road transport is major source of atmospheric particles Accountable for 70% of the atmospheric particles in London Exhaust Emissions (Regulated) Non-Exhaust Emissions (Un-Regulated) Road Surface WearTyre WearBrake WearResuspended Dust

4. Non-exhaust source contributions to the total PM 10 emissions can range from 30-90% The majority of available data is based on simulated driving tests Non-exhaust emission contributions are currently underestimated Lack of real world data to establish evidence-based policy.

5. Identify and quantify non-exhaust emissions within the urban atmosphere Improve non-exhaust emission calculations to assist with air quality assessments Provide a dataset for non-exhaust sources for use within emissions models

6. Tunnel Sampling Methodology developed at UH Two sampling stations at the entrance and inside the tunnel Samples collected every 12 hours for 5 weeks Two sampling campaigns Equipment Used 2 HiVols 2 Partisols 2 DSFUs Weather St’n Traffic Monitor Traffic Volume Particle Concentrations Wind Speed

7. Tunnel Sampling PM 2.5 Concentrations Organic Concentrations Mass Emission Factors Source Emission Factors PM 10 Concentrations Coarse Concentrations Metal Concentrations Chemical Analysis Receptor Modelling Traffic & Met Data

8. Second phase of the project will provide unique tracers to reduce uncertainties.

9. Development of methodology to measure non-exhaust emissions A unique and possibly the first UK dataset of this type for source apportionment of non-exhaust sources Users include Greater London Authority (GLA) and DEFRA

10. Educate the general public regarding air pollution Make people aware that emissions not only originate from exhaust pipes Create a Facebook group and produce a website, which will provide an information portal Promote environmental science in classrooms by visiting schools

11. NERC & BOC Foundation (Funding & Facilities) Institution of Environmental Sciences Prof. Sokhi, Dr. Mao, Dr. Luhana & Dr. Ravindra Dr. Ian Bull and Dr. Emma Tomlinson Sampling Assistants & Douglas Prain Hatfield Tunnel Authorities & Highways Agency