1. Rutgers University ID Tag Home COOL Adventures Ocean Images R-T Data Meet the Scientists Teachers Lounge About COOL Classroom Hudson River Plume Unit Entrance Psteria Hysteria Unit Entrance Clams, Clams, Clams Unit Entrance Different colors of the dots are for clarity only

2. Rutgers University ID Tag Home COOL Adventures Ocean Images R-T Data Meet the Scientists Teachers Lounge About COOL Classroom Human Impact Adventures Problem Investigation Explanation Scuba Team Journal Watersheds transport hundreds of gallons of freshwater from the land to the sea. As the freshwater moves over the land, it is able to pick up and carry many items with it. Have you ever wondered what happens when this freshwater meets the saltwater of the ocean? How does your watershed impact the ocean? Click to make this graphic a pop up Watershed Dynamics Learn more about watersheds click here

3. The Hudson River Watershed is the area of land in green. This area of land drains freshwater from the highest elevation points, one example is the Adirondack Mountains, to the lowest elevation point, the Hudson Bay. The Hudson Bay then flows into the Atlantic Ocean.

4. Hmm…. When the water flows down the Hudson River and into the bay, what happens to all of that freshwater? Hi, I’m Scuba Hugh! Behind me is a map of the Hudson River Estuary. Use the brushes and colors on the left to show what you think happens to the freshwater as it enters the ocean. Press the reset button to erase your work and start again. Print your freshwater map using the “Print” button. Have Fun! I changed some of the wording

5. As the freshwater enters the salty ocean a freshwater river plume is created. The easiest way to describe a river plume is to start with of a plume of smoke. What characteristics does this plume of smoke have? Graphic of plume going straight up

6. What would happen if there was a strong wind? How would that affect the plume? Graphic of plume of smoke being affected by wind.

7. So a plume of smoke could be described as: * an area containing the same type of particles. *all the particles tend to move together in the same direction. *they stay closer together at the origin and then spread apart as they move away. *the particles of smoke tend to rise within the surrounding air These characteristics can also describe a freshwater river plume.

8. This is the Hudson River Plume. It is an area of freshwater that has entered the Atlantic Ocean from the Hudson River Watershed. Learn more on how to read SST maps click here This is a Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Map. It shows the temperature of the ocean surface.

9. Depending on wind direction and speed, the plume can travel in different directions and for varying distances

10. Compare the model you painted to the actual pictures of the Hudson River Plume? How is your painting similar? How is it different?

11. Why do you think the river plume continues to stay together as it flows out into the bay and ocean?

12. If you look at the SST image, you can see that the river plume is warmer than the ocean, so temperature could be a factor. The river plume is flowing from a watershed containing freshwater and moving into a salty ocean, so salinity could be another factor.

13. What characteristic do you think temperature and salinity determine in a body of water? Picture here of the density tank from the video If you don’t know… Scuba Hugh will provide a HINT Roll over with the answer DENSITY Learn more about density click here

14. Using what you have just learned, put these three bodies of water in order with the least dense on top: bay water river water ocean water Once you have the correct answer, write in your journal why it happens this way.

15. So now you know.. The river plume stays together because it is fresh warm water which has a different density than the ocean water. New Jersey More on the characteristics of the plume and to play a game

16. How would you track a river plume if you did not have access to satellite images? Describe your method in detail remembering to discuss what characteristics you will look for and how you will measure and track them. Learn what scientists’ do.

17. When rain water flows into the Hudson River, it carries with it dissolved substances and sediment from the land. Looking at the land within the Hudson River Watershed, identify and describe all the ways it is being used by humans. To discover more about Hudson River click here.

18. Examine the two different maps of the Hudson River Watershed. Is there a correlation between the two?

19. Brian’s watershed overlay

20. After noticing the different types of land use surrounding the rivers within the watershed, what types of substances do you think might flow into the river’s water? Watershed overlay image

21. Who in this watershed is impacting the health of the ocean? Explain in detail how that is happening. Dog poop pile Soap suds Have you finished changing the oil in the car yet? I am going to win the “Best Green Lawn” contest this year! Ant saying, “Whew! That stinks!” Pouring oil down stormdrain That dog poop will disappear in a few days. I don’t have to pick it up. Girl walking away from poop pile.

22. What is an example of a pollution source near you that could be running into a river or stream? Pollution solution

23. Pollution carried by the warm freshwater river plume can impact marine life off the New Jersey coast. Click here to discover how water carries pollution: Discover Water

24. If conditions exist to keep pollutants in shallow bays, it can create dead zones. So how does that happen?

25. Fertilizers help plants grow. Farmers use fertilizers frequently. When it rains, the fertilizer can flow into the river.

26. Drawing of algae 1. Excess nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus cause algae to grow and multiply quickly! 2. As the algae die, they are consumed by bacteria. 3. The bacteria use up almost all the oxygen in the water, leaving very little for all the other marine life! The Hypoxic Chain of Events Discovery: Dead zones Discovery: NJ Dead zones

27. Explanation Now let’s put this all together. A watershed is an area of land that drains and carries water toward the ocean. The Hudson River watershed flows into the bay and ocean creating a plume. This plume of water is full of fresh warm water that moves along the surface of the bay and ocean. The Hudson River plume also carries many different pollutants within it that where added throughout the watershed. These pollutants can cause damage to the ocean environment

28. Explanation So, let’s look at the original question. What can you conclude from the information you have learned? How does your watershed impact the ocean?