1. Application And Transport Layer Reliable Multicast Leonard T. Armstrong University Of Delaware ELEG 667

2. Overview What is multicast? Application-layer reliable multicast Overlay networks Case study: Overcast Transport-layer reliable multicast Multicast reliability using ACKs versus NAKs Case study: PGM Some of the slides in this presentation are based on slides originally developed by (1) Ion Stoica, University of California, Berkley and (2) Sachin Kamboj, University of Delaware

3. Multicast Definition “…multicast: the sending of a packet from one sender to multiple receivers with a single send operation.” -- James F. Kurose, Keith W. Ross Computer Networking – A Top-Down Approach Featuring the Internet

4. What Is Multicast? Unicast One-to-one Destination – unique receiver host address Broadcast One-to-all Destination – address of network Multicast One-to-many Multicast group must be identified Destination – address of group Key: Unicast transfer Broadcast transfer Multicast transfer

5. Multicast Application Examples Financial services Delivery of news, stock quotes, financial indices, etc Remote conferencing/e-learning Streaming audio and video to many participants (clients, students) Interactive communication between participants Interactive TV Wireless entertainment Delivery of content to a high volume of wireless devices Bulk data transfer

6. Application-layer Reliable Multicast Overlay Networks And Overcast

7. Application-layer Multicast With Overcast Overlay network Single-source “multicast” Uses HTTP for data transfer* Primary metric – optimization of bandwidth Specific to a certain set of application requirements Only one data source – Is this limiting? Large latencies acceptable Nodes have large amounts of permanent storage Not intended for interactive applications

8. What Is An Overlay Network? Virtual network configuration Set of nodes within an existing network fabric that implement a network abstraction on top of the underlying substrate network Peers and their communication relationship form an abstract logical network Requires no infrastructure change Application-layer Incrementally deployable Do any popular applications use overlay networks?

9. KaZaA – File Sharing With An Overlay Network Distributed content location database Some peers designated as group leaders (GL) New peers are assigned a GL Peers share content database with GL – GL only tracks content of peers in its group Peer queries its GL who may forward request to other GLs GLs send results of forwarded queries directly to the requestor GL Key: Content query Query response File request File transfer

10. Benefit/Burden Comparison Of Overlay Networks Benefits Requires no change to network infrastructure Incrementally deployable Network can be optimized to application-specific metrics Customizable – nodes may be multipurpose computers Uses off-the-shelf network technology for reliability, etc Burdens Management complexity Management from afar Management tools must not scale with network size Must consider connectivity limitations Firewalls, proxies Efficiency Need to deduce network topology

11. What Is Overcast? Tree-structured overlay architecture Virtual links of overlay tree are the only paths for data exchange On-demand delivery of bandwidth-intensive content Internet delivery of high-resolution video Allows data to be sent once to many destinations Draws upon work in content distribution, caching, and server replication Comprised of Root(s): central source (replicated) Nodes: internal server nodes Clients: end systems (HTTP clients) R RootNodeClient

12. Motivation Of Overcast Need to provide on- demand high-quality video to customer base Can’t count on multicast support of underlying network Only application-layer development is feasible Bandwidth bottlenecks develop as multiple requests are made Key: Line thickness indicates desired bandwidth usage by sending entity

13. Key Points How can the root and nodes of an Overcast network be automatically configured? Bandwidth-efficient trees Dynamic topology How can nodes maintain state (status) when configuration is automatic? Eliminating the root node as a single point of failure How can a client obtain content from an Overcast network?

14. Bandwidth Efficient Overlay Trees 10 Mb/s 100 Mb/s R 1 2 R 1 2 R 12 R 12 “…three ways of organizing the root and the… nodes into a distribution tree.”

15. How Does Overcast Build Bandwidth Efficient Trees? Goal – maximize bandwidth to root for all nodes Places a new node as far away from root as possible without sacrificing bandwidth View algorithm Additional details Bandwidth : measured by timing a 10KB download Improved techniques are planned “  ”: Defined as “no more than 10% higher than” SelectClosest : determined by traceroute Won’t the results of this algorithm change over time?

16. Result Of The Node Adding Algorithm R 5 5 7 1 10 2 3 8 R 1 2 3 Physical network substrate Overcast network tree

17. Result Of The Node Adding Algorithm – A Clearer Animation R 5 5 7 1 10 2 3 8 R 1 2 3 Physical network substrate Overcast network tree

18. Sourabh’s Question R 5 5 7 1 10 2 3 20 R 1 2 3 Physical network substrate Overcast network tree Will The Link Before A Leaf Always Have The Lowest Bandwidth?

19. Dynamic Topology Overcast’s optimization metric will change over time A node periodically reevaluates its position in the tree by measuring the bandwidth been itself and Its parent (baseline) Its grandparent All its siblings Node can relocate to become Child of a sibling Sibling of a parent Inherently tolerant of non-root failures On dead parent a node can move up the ancestry tree

20. Interactions Between Node Adding And Dynamic Topology R 1 10 2 20 R 1 2 Physical network substrate Overcast network tree Round 1 15 R 2 1 Overcast network tree Round 2

21. State Tracking – The Up/Down Protocol An efficient mechanism is needed to exchange information between node Must scale sublinearly in terms of network usage May scale linearly in terms of storage Assumes information either Changes slowly (E.g., Health status of nodes) Can be combined efficiently from multiple children into a single description (E.g., Totals from subtrees) Each node maintains state about all nodes in its subtree

22. Management Of Information With The Up/Down Protocol Each node periodically contacts its parent Parents assume a child (and all descendants) has died if the child fails to contact within some interval During contact, a node reports to its parent Death certificates Birth certificates Extra information Information propagated from children Sequence numbers used to prevent race conditions

23. Scaling Sublinearly In Terms Of Network Usage A node (and descendants) relocates under a sibling The sibling must learn about all the node’s descendants Birth certificates The sibling passes this information to the (original node’s) parent The parent recognizes no changes and halts further propagation 1 1.11.21.3 1.2.11.2.3 1.2.2 1.2.2.1 Birth certificates for 1.2.2, 1.2.2.1 No change observed. Propagation halted.

24. Is The Root Node A Single Point Of Failure? Root is responsible for handling all join requests from clients Note: root does not deliver content Root’s Up/Down protocol functionality can not be easily distributed Root maintains state for all Overcast nodes Solution: configure a set of nodes linearly from root before splitting into multiple branches Each node in the linear chain has sufficient information to assume root responsibilities Natural side effect of Up/Down protocol

25. Fault-tolerant Root Node Structuring R1R1 1 2 3 456 Contains state of {R 2, R 3, 1, …, 6} Contains state of {R 3, 1, …, 6} Contains state of {1, …, 6} R2R2 R3R3

26. The Client Side – Joining A Multicast Group Clients join a multicast group through a typical HTTP GET request Root determines where to connect the client to the multicast tree using Pathname of URL (multicast group being joined) Status of Overcast nodes Location of client* Root selects “best” server and redirects the client to that server

27. How Should Client Join Requests Work? R1R1 1 2 3 456 R2R2 R3R3 Key: Content query (multicast join) Query redirect Content delivery

28. Redirecting To The “Best” Server “Seamlessly Selecting The Best Copy From Internet-Wide Replicated Servers” – three methods 1. HTTP redirect Central server accepts and redirects query to an alternate server using “HTTP REDIRECT” 2. Domain Name Service (DNS) round trip times Local name servers track RTT of requests to other servers Favors servers that are faster (closer) Different name servers can serve different IP addresses for a common name 3. Shared IP Address Illusion of a single logical machine connected in several places Suspect Overcast uses a combination of HTTP Redirect, DNS

29. How Good Is Overcasting?

30. Is Overcasting Multicasting? HTTP  TCP  unicast! If a node has n children, n separate TCP connections are used Multiple unicast Seems more like a contribution to smarter content distribution systems than to multicasting “Application-level multicast… uses unicast transmission but involves the receivers in the replication and forwarding of data.” Computer Networking – A Top-Down Approach Featuring the Internet James F. Kurose, Keith W. Ross

31. Multicast Versus Multiple Unicast Multicast Network traffic scales well Source transmits single packets which are duplicated by routers Multicast-enabled infrastructure Common group destination address Multiple Unicast Network traffic ~ group size Source transmits multiple packets – no router duplication No infrastructure requirement Each packet intended for a specific unicast destination address

32. Transport-layer Reliable Multicast Pragmatic General Multicast (PGM)

33. What is PGM? Pragmatic General Multicast Was “Pretty Good Multicast” Name changed c. 2000 because “Pretty Good” is a registered trademark!?! Reliable transport protocol Primarily ARQ-based FEC support is optional Defined in RFC 3208 Invented by TIBCO, bought by CISCO

34. Transport Layer Multicast With PGM Reliable transport protocol Other reliable transport-layer multicast protocols include: RMP – Reliable Multicast Protocol RMTP – Reliable Multicast Transport Protocol MFTP – Multicast File Transfer Protocol Relies on lower-layer multicast protocols IP multicast for best effort (unreliable) datagram delivery Internet Group Membership Protocol (IGMP) for multicast group membership NAK-based protocol

35. PGM Services Multicast data delivery from multiple sources Multiple senders  multiple receivers Specification and presentation will focus on single-sender Reliable Data integrity (checksums) Receivers receives all data packets or… Receivers able to detect unrecoverable packet loss No-duplicate packets Ordered or unordered delivery Sender has no knowledge of receiving group membership

36. PGM Basic Building Blocks Components Sender Receivers Network elements (NE) Routers May or may not be PGM-capable Sender-to-receiver packet types ODATA – original data RDATA – repair data Source path message (SPM) NAK confirmation (NCF) Receiver-to-sender packet types NAK

37. IP Multicast Primer Groups defined using class D addresses 224.0.0.0/4  2 28 groups Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP) Source-based trees: each source node is the root of its own distribution tree Reverse-path forwarding: received packets are forwarded out all interfaces except the packet’s incoming interface ONLY if the packet was received on the interface that is on it’s own shortest path back to the sender Packets from a given sender only travel down the sender’s source path tree Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM)

38. ACKs In Multicast – ACK Implosion Assume ACK-based multicast protocol Multicast group of n members Each packet gets multicast to all n members All members acknowledge receipt with a positive ACK N ACKs are returned to sender for each packet sent Sender is overwhelmed by ACKs Result – ACK implosion ACK-based protocols do not scale well for multicast Key: Multicast send ACK

39. ACK Versus NAK Reliability is accomplished through confirmation of data from receiver to source Positive acknowledgements (ACK)… Frequency is a function of the number of packets transmitted Used in TCP for transmission buffer management (congestion control) Negative acknowledgements (NAK)… Frequency is a function of network reliability

40. NAKs To The Rescue NAKs inform sender of lost data on an as-needed basis Scale with problems in network, not with size of group Sequence numbers signal lost packets to receivers NAK-based protocols work best when Network reliability is high Data is sent frequently Drop Key: Multicast send NAK

41. NAK Implosion Assume NAK-based multicast protocol Multicast group of n members Data packet can get lost at any point including first hop out of source Result – ACK implosion PGM takes precautions to prevent NAK implosion Drop Key: Multicast send NAK

42. NAK And NCF Use NAK – unicast UP the tree toward the sender NCF – multicast DOWN the tree toward all NE descendents Sent from NE but uses source address of original sender to insure correct path traversal Strategies to lessen NAK burden NAK suppression NAK elimination

43. NAKety-NAK, Don’t NAK Back NAK suppression Receiver waits a random time before sending NAK – does not send if corresponding NCF is heard Random delays should be proportional to number of PGM siblings Increase probability of hearing NCF as a result of a NAK from another node with common ancestor Supports optional multicasting of NAK with TTL=1 Other nodes receiving NAK suppress their NAKs NAK elimination Parent NE aggregates or eliminates NAKs before propagating up the tree Parent NE forwards at most one NAK per packet

44. Source Path Messages Determine next upstream hop for reverse path Continual update of next upstream hop info when path changes Establish source path state in PGM NE Prompt detection of missing packets in the absence of data to transmit Compensate for short or slow data flows Key: Multicast send NAK

45. Components Of A PGM Network Source – originator of data packets Receiver – consumer data packets Network elements PGM-ready routers present in the intervening network Unlike other transport layer protocols that only deal with end-to-end communication, PGM requires PGM compatible routers Non-PGM routers may be part of the intervening network

46. PGM Operation Under Loss 1. Receiver A detects lost packet, NAK to 1 st hop PGM NE 2. NCF from 1 st hop PGM NE 3. Propagated NAK to upstream PGM NE 4. NCF from upstream PGM NE 5. Propagated NAK to upstream PGM sender 6. NCF from sender 7. Receiver B detects loss of same packet, NAK to 1 st hop PGM NE 8. NCF from 1 st hop PGM NE, no further propagation of NAK AB

47. PGM Network Elements Traditional transport-layer protocols End-to-end communication Not present in intermediate NEs PGM PGM NEs need transport- layer PGM code Give special treatment to SPM, NCF, RDATA Transmitted with IP router alert Non-PGM NEs allowed – operation of protocol is less efficient Transport Network Link Physical Application Network Link Physical Network Link Physical Transport Network Link Physical Application Transport Network Link Physical Application Network Link Physical Transport Network Link Physical Transport Network Link Physical Application Source Host Destination Host Network Elements PGM Non-PGM

48. Undiscussed (Optional) PGM Concepts Designated local repairer (DLR) Used to send RDATA “locally” rather than having the RDATA come from the original source DLR is one hop from NE for which it provides “local” RDATA Forward error correction (FEC) Sends h additional parity packets for every k data packets (“transmission group”) sent Receiver is able to reconstruct the original k data packets from receipt of any k of the h+k sent packets Result: tolerance of up to h packet losses PGM supports pro-active or on-demand FEC

49. How Well Does PGM Perform? Data RateSPM/secNetwork Utilization Best Possible97.1% 10 Mb/s197.1% 10 Mb/s597.0% 47 Kb/s195.9% 47 Kb/s591.7% These figures do not account for losses and/or forward error correction (FEC).

50. Problems Inherent With NAK- based Approaches TCP does not move it’s trailing cwnd window edge until the data packet at the trailing edge has been successfully ACKed What problems could occur in a NAK-based system, relative to trailing window edge and why/how could they occur?

51. Leave With A Thought… “Multicast has been the hot, up-and-coming topic in computer networking… for the past 10 years.” -- Anonymous Professor of Computer Networking