1. Transport Layer 3-1 Transport Layer r To learn about transport layer protocols in the Internet: m TCP: connection-oriented protocol m Reliability protocol m UDP: connectionless protocol

2. Transport Layer 3-2 Transport services and protocols r provide logical communication between app processes running on different hosts r transport protocols run in end systems m send side: breaks app messages into segments, passes to network layer m rcv side: reassembles segments into messages, passes to app layer r more than one transport protocol available to apps m Internet: TCP and UDP application transport network data link physical application transport network data link physical logical end-end transport

3. Transport Layer 3-3 Internet transport-layer protocols r reliable, in-order delivery (TCP) m connection oriented r Unreliable delivery: UDP m Not connection oriented application transport network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical application transport network data link physical logical end-end transport

4. Transport Layer 3-4 TCP: Overview RFCs: 793, 1122, 1323, 2018, 2581 r full duplex data: m bi-directional data flow in same connection m MSS: maximum segment size r connection-oriented: m handshaking (exchange of control msgs) init’s sender, receiver state before data exchange r flow controlled: m sender will not overwhelm receiver r point-to-point: m one sender, one receiver r reliable, in-order byte steam: m no “message boundaries” r pipelined: m TCP congestion and flow control set window size r send & receive buffers

5. Transport Layer 3-5 What is reliability? Sender sends one packet, then waits for receiver response stop and wait

6. Transport Layer 3-6 Stop & Wait protocol

7. Transport Layer 3-7 World is not ideal Practical scenario: underlying channel can lose packets (data or ACKs) because of many reasons m What if data packet gets lost? m What if Ack packet gets lost?

8. Transport Layer 3-8 World is not ideal Practical scenario: underlying channel can lose packets (data or ACKs) because of many reasons m What if data packet gets lost? m What if Ack packet gets lost? Approach: sender waits “reasonable” amount of time for ACK r retransmits if no ACK received in this time

9. Transport Layer 3-9 Stop & wait protocol with loss

10. Transport Layer 3-10 New constraint: Stop & wait protocol with delay Practical scenario: underlying channel can lose packets (data or ACKs) because of many reasons m What if Ack packet just delayed (not lost) Approach: sender waits “reasonable” amount of time for ACK r retransmits if no ACK received in this time r if pkt (or ACK) just delayed (not lost): m retransmission will be duplicate, but use of seq. #’s already handles this m receiver must specify seq # of pkt being ACKed

11. Transport Layer 3-11 Stop & wait protocol with delay

12. Transport Layer 3-12 Performance of stop-and-wait first packet bit transmitted, t = 0 senderreceiver RTT last packet bit transmitted, t = L / R first packet bit arrives last packet bit arrives, send ACK ACK arrives, send next packet, t = RTT + L / R

13. Transport Layer 3-13 Pipelined protocols Pipelining: sender allows multiple, “in-flight”, yet-to- be-acknowledged pkts m range of sequence numbers must be increased m buffering at sender and/or receiver

14. Transport Layer 3-14 Pipelining: increased utilization first packet bit transmitted, t = 0 senderreceiver RTT last bit transmitted, t = L / R first packet bit arrives last packet bit arrives, send ACK ACK arrives, send next packet, t = RTT + L / R last bit of 2 nd packet arrives, send ACK last bit of 3 rd packet arrives, send ACK Increase utilization by a factor of 3! r Two generic forms of pipelined protocols: go-Back-N, selective repeat

15. Transport Layer 3-15 Pipelining Protocols Go-back-N: overview r sender: up to N unACKed pkts in pipeline r receiver: only sends cumulative ACKs m doesn’t ACK pkt if there’s a gap r sender: has timer for oldest unACKed pkt m if timer expires: retransmit all unACKed packets Selective Repeat: overview r sender: up to N unACKed packets in pipeline r receiver: ACKs individual pkts r sender: maintains timer for each unACKed pkt m if timer expires: retransmit only unACKed packet

16. Transport Layer 3-16 GBN in action

17. Transport Layer 3-17 Selective Repeat r receiver individually acknowledges all correctly received pkts m buffers pkts, as needed, for eventual in-order delivery to upper layer r sender only resends pkts for which ACK not received m sender timer for each unACKed pkt r sender window m N consecutive seq #’s m again limits seq #s of sent, unACKed pkts

18. Transport Layer 3-18 Selective repeat in action

19. Transport Layer 3-19 TCP segment structure source port # dest port # 32 bits application data (variable length) sequence number acknowledgement number Receive window Urg data pointer checksum F SR PAU head len not used Options (variable length) URG: urgent data (generally not used) ACK: ACK # valid PSH: push data now (generally not used) RST, SYN, FIN: connection estab (setup, teardown commands) # bytes rcvr willing to accept counting by bytes of data (not segments!) Internet checksum (as in UDP)

20. Transport Layer 3-20 TCP seq. #’s and ACKs Seq. #’s: m byte stream “number” of first byte in segment’s data ACKs: m seq # of next byte expected from other side m cumulative ACK Q: how receiver handles out-of-order segments m A: TCP spec doesn’t say, - up to implementer Host A Host B Seq=42, ACK=79, data = ‘C’ Seq=79, ACK=43, data = ‘C’ Seq=43, ACK=80 User types ‘C’ host ACKs receipt of echoed ‘C’ host ACKs receipt of ‘C’, echoes back ‘C’ time simple telnet scenario

21. Transport Layer 3-21 TCP Round Trip Time and Timeout Q: how to set TCP timeout value? r longer than RTT m but RTT varies r too short: premature timeout m unnecessary retransmissions r too long: slow reaction to segment loss Q: how to estimate RTT?  SampleRTT : measured time from segment transmission until ACK receipt m ignore retransmissions  SampleRTT will vary, want estimated RTT “smoother”  average several recent measurements, not just current SampleRTT

22. Transport Layer 3-22 TCP Round Trip Time and Timeout EstimatedRTT = (1-  )*EstimatedRTT +  *SampleRTT r Exponential weighted moving average r influence of past sample decreases exponentially fast  typical value:  = 0.125

23. Transport Layer 3-23 TCP Round Trip Time and Timeout Setting the timeout  EstimtedRTT plus “safety margin”  large variation in EstimatedRTT -> larger safety margin r first estimate of how much SampleRTT deviates from EstimatedRTT: TimeoutInterval = EstimatedRTT + 4*DevRTT DevRTT = (1-  )*DevRTT +  *|SampleRTT-EstimatedRTT| (typically,  = 0.25) Then set timeout interval:

24. Transport Layer 3-24 Fast Retransmit r time-out period often relatively long: m long delay before resending lost packet r detect lost segments via duplicate ACKs. m sender often sends many segments back-to- back m if segment is lost, there will likely be many duplicate ACKs for that segment r If sender receives 3 ACKs for same data, it assumes that segment after ACKed data was lost: m fast retransmit: resend segment before timer expires

25. Transport Layer 3-25 Host A timeout Host B time X resend seq X2 seq # x1 seq # x2 seq # x3 seq # x4 seq # x5 ACK x1 triple duplicate ACKs

26. Transport Layer 3-26 outline r TCP m segment structure m reliable data transfer m flow control m congestion control

27. Transport Layer 3-27 TCP Flow Control r receive side of TCP connection has a receive buffer: r speed-matching service: matching send rate to receiving application’s drain rate r app process may be slow at reading from buffer sender won’t overflow receiver’s buffer by transmitting too much, too fast flow control IP datagrams TCP data (in buffer) (currently) unused buffer space application process

28. Transport Layer 3-28 TCP Flow control: how it works (suppose TCP receiver discards out-of-order segments)  unused buffer space: = rwnd = RcvBuffer-[LastByteRcvd - LastByteRead]  receiver: advertises unused buffer space by including rwnd value in segment header  sender: limits # of unACKed bytes to rwnd m guarantees receiver’s buffer doesn’t overflow IP datagrams TCP data (in buffer) (currently) unused buffer space application process rwnd RcvBuffer

29. Transport Layer 3-29 Next: Principles of Congestion Control