1. The Victorious Church © John Stevenson, 2008

2. Class Objectives To recall, summarize and evaluate the fortunes of Christianity from the late patristic period (5th century) through the high middle ages of medieval Christianity (13th century). To describe how the doctrine of the Incarnation came to be defined by the early Church. To summarize and evaluate the rise and spread of the Monastic movement.

3. Class Objectives To recognize the factors that gave rise to the growth of the Roman Catholic Church and the office of the Papacy. To recognize and name the ecclesiastical differences between the Church in the East from that in the West which resulted in a profound schism. To define and describe what Scholasticism is and analyze what it reveals about medieval Christianity.

4. “Thou hast conquered, Oh Galilean!” ― Julian the Apostate

5. 1000 150015002000 The Medieval Church The Reformed Church The Ancient Church

6. Tertullian 155-222 We are but of yesterday, and we have filled every place among you - cities, islands, fortresses, towns, market-places, the very camp, tribes, companies, palace, senate, forum… (Apologeticus 37)

7. Church persecuted by Rome 1 100200500300400 Edict of Toleration Marcion Polycarp Constantine Diocletian Paul Peter John Tertullian

8. Division of Empire Persecution of Christianity Retirement (305)

9. Edict of Toleration Christians may again exist and rebuild the houses in which they used to meet, on condition that they do nothing contrary to public order. (Quoted from Eusebius, History of the Church 8:17:5).

10. Constantine Battle for the Milvian Bridge (312)

11. Constantine “In this sign conquer” Edict of Milan: Restated & expanded the Edict of Toleration (313) Reunification of Roman Empire Favored status (324)

12. Christianity as Favored Religion Bishops given the right to judge civil cases Sunday made into a public holiday New Edict of Toleration: Christians not allowed to persecute pagans

13. What should be the attitude of Christians to the gaining of political power?

14. Before Constantine Purity within the church After Constantine Less purity within the church Long periods of catechism training before receiving baptism Requirements to become a Christian were minimized Christians known for their strict lifestyle Loosening of the standards Martyr mentality among the pious Monastic mentality began to emerge among the pious

15. Donatus Magnus Donatus Magnus (Died 355) What about those who have been baptized or married by fallen bishops?

16.  Constantinople  Rome  Antioch  Jerusalem  Alexandria

17. Arius Priest in Alexandria, Egypt Taught that Christ was a created being Christ was the first created being who then created all the rest of creation Deposed by Alexander, bishop of Alexandria

18. Council of Nicaea Met at Nicaea in 325 300 Bishops in attendance (5 from west) Alexander & Athanasius versus Arius Constantinople   Nicaea

19. The Nicene Creed We believe in one God the Father All ‑ sovereign, Maker of all things. And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, begotten of the Father, only ‑ begotten, that is, of the substance of the Father God of God, Light of Light, true God of true God, begotten not made, of one substance with the Father…

20. Docetic Christ only seemed to be human Ebionite Christ only seemed to be divine Arian Christ was created by God and then created all else Apollinarian Christ had no human spirit; Logos came and replaced it Monoarchian Jesus became the Christ as His baptism

21. Eutyches Human nature of Christ absorbed by the Logos Monophysite Christ had only one nature Monothelite Christ had no human will; only one divine will Adapted from Robert Walton Sabellianism One God reveals Himself in three ways Nestorian Logos indwelt the person of Jesus making Christ a God- bearer

22. Church Councils of the 4 th and 5 th Centuries Council of Nicaea Council of Constantinople Council of Ephesus Council of Chalcedon 325 381 431 451 Jesus is of the same substance as the Father Holy Spirit is co-eternal with the Father and Son Jesus is one person, fully divine and fully human The human and divine natures of Jesus are unmixed

23. Church persecuted by Rome Four Church Councils 1 100200500300400 Edict of Toleration MarcionArius Polycarp Athanasius Constantine Fall of Rome Paul Peter John

24. What was the rationale for the formation of the monastic movement?

25. St. Anthony 251-356 Christian in Egypt Heard a sermon on Christ’s words to the rich young ruler: “Go and sell all your possessions and follow me.” Gave away his possessions and moved into the desert, living the life of a hermit

26. Simeon Stylites 390-459 Removed himself to the top of a pillar in Syria

27. What are some of the Biblical pros and cons of a solitary monastic lifestyle?

28. Pachomius 292-348 Born in Thebes Forcibly inducted into military Converted to Christianity Followed example of Anthony Organized nine groups of both male and female monasteries

29. Monasticism in the West Communal living, but usually within some proximity to civilization Monasticism in the East Desert living; sometimes in community and sometimes alone Emphasis on reaching out to culture Emphasis on escaping culture

30. Benedict of Nursia 480-542 Ran away to live in a cave at the age of 14. Established a monastery at Monte Cassino Rule of St. Benedict

31. Idleness is the enemy of the soul. And therefore, at fixed times, the brothers ought to be occupied in manual labor; and again, at fixed times, in sacred reading (Documents of the Christian Church, P.133).

32. Rule of St. Benedict The brothers shall wait on each other in turn so that no one shall be excused from the kitchen-work, unless he be prevented by sickness, or by preoccupation with some matter of great necessity… (Documents of the Christian Church, P.132).

33. Rule of St. Benedict Let not the younger brothers have beds by themselves, but dispersed among the seniors. And when they rise for the service of God let them gently encourage one another, because the sleepy ones are apt to make excuses (Documents of the Christian Church, P.129).

34. What are some of the Biblical pros and cons of a communal monastic lifestyle?

35. What sort of lifestyle changes were necessary for one to become a monk?

36. How did the monastic movement contribute to the Church and society?

45. Church persecuted by Rome Four Church Councils 1 100200500300400 Edict of Toleration MarcionArius Polycarp Athanasius Constantine Fall of Rome Paul Peter John Augustine Pelagius Origen

46. Church persecuted by Rome 1 100200500300400 Edict of Toleration MarcionArius Polycarp Athanasius Constantine Fall of Rome Paul Peter John Augustine Pelagius Theodosius Origen

47. How much diversity in matters of Christian doctrine should the church tolerate?

48. Acts 20:28 Be on guard for yourselves and for all the flock, among which the Holy Spirit has made you overseers, to shepherd the church of God which He purchased with His own blood.

49. Acts 20:29-31 I know that after my departure savage wolves will come in among you, not sparing the flock; 30 and from among your own selves men will arise, speaking perverse things, to draw away the disciples after them. 31 Therefore be on the alert…

50. Constantinople Rome  Antioch  Jerusalem  Jerusalem Alexandria

51. Ambrose of Milan Governor of Milan Civil strife over Arian controversy upon death of Bishop of Milan Ambrose called for peace and was nominated as bishop though unbaptized Gave away his property and studied for ministry 339 - 397

52. Ambrose of Milan Withstood the Arians Justina, the regent for her son, demanded that the church adopt Arianism. Ambrose refused. Brought congregational singing into the church Excommunicated Theodosius in 390 339 - 397

53. Jerome 347-420 Traveled to Syria and learned Hebrew, later traveled through Palestine and Egypt Settled in Palestine where he devoted himself to writing Translated the Bible into Latin (Vulgate)

54. John Chrysostom His nickname was Chrysostom (“golden-tongue”) Trained in law before studying for ministry He was a preacher at Antioch Appointed to be bishop of Constantinople Known for preaching exegetically from the Bible 347-407

55. School of Alexandria Sought the “deeper meaning” by use of allegorical interpretation School of Antioch Chrysostom, Theodore of Mopsuestia Alexandria  Clement of Alexandria, Origen  Antioch Emphasized the plain sense of the meaning of the Bible in interpretation

56. John Chrysostom The Empress Eudoxia had him exiled because she was displeased with his preaching on Elijah and Jezebel. He was banished to Pontus. 347-407

57. Augustine 354-430 Mother was Monica, a Christian Teacher of rhetoric in Milan Admired Ambrose for his speaking ability “Take up and read”

58. Augustine 354-430 Let us behave properly as in the day, not in carousing and drunkenness, not in sexual promiscuity and sensuality, not in strife and jealousy…

59. Augustine 354-430 But put on the Lord Jesus Christ, and make no provision for the flesh in regard to its lusts. ( Romans 13:13-14)

60. Augustine 354-430 Bishop of Hippo, North Africa Confessions: Tells story of his coming to Christianity Rome sacked by Visigoths (410) City of God

61. The City of God The Kingdom of God is not to be found in today’s political arena The Christian’s true citizenship is in the city of God

62. Accordingly, two cities have been formed by two loves: the earthly by the love of self, even to the contempt of God; the heavenly by the love of God, even to the contempt of self. The former, in a word, glories in itself, the latter in the Lord. Accordingly, two cities have been formed by two loves: the earthly by the love of self, even to the contempt of God; the heavenly by the love of God, even to the contempt of self. The former, in a word, glories in itself, the latter in the Lord. (City of God 16:28)

63. The earthly city, which does not live by faith, seeks an earthly peace, and the end it proposes, in the well-ordered concord of civic obedience and rule, is the combination of men's wills to attain the things which are helpful to this life. The heavenly city, or rather the part of it which sojourns on earth and lives by faith, makes use of this peace only because it must, until this mortal condition which necessitates it shall pass away. The earthly city, which does not live by faith, seeks an earthly peace, and the end it proposes, in the well-ordered concord of civic obedience and rule, is the combination of men's wills to attain the things which are helpful to this life. The heavenly city, or rather the part of it which sojourns on earth and lives by faith, makes use of this peace only because it must, until this mortal condition which necessitates it shall pass away. (City of God 19:17)

64. Augustine versus Pelagius Man is born in sin and spiritually dead Man is essentially good Man’s will was affected by the fall so that, apart from the Spirit, he does not choose God Man’s will is neutral; he has the free will to either follow God or reject God Salvation is a gift of God to undeserving men Salvation comes as men imitate Christ

65. PredestinationFree Will