1. Fall 2006EE 5301 - VLSI Design Automation I V-1 EE 5301 – VLSI Design Automation I Kia Bazargan University of Minnesota Part V: Placement

2. Fall 2006EE 5301 - VLSI Design Automation I V-2 References and Copyright Textbooks referred (none required)  [Mic94] G. De Micheli “Synthesis and Optimization of Digital Circuits” McGraw-Hill, 1994.  [CLR90] T. H. Cormen, C. E. Leiserson, R. L. Rivest “Introduction to Algorithms” MIT Press, 1990.  [Sar96] M. Sarrafzadeh, C. K. Wong “An Introduction to VLSI Physical Design” McGraw-Hill, 1996.  [She99] N. Sherwani “Algorithms For VLSI Physical Design Automation” Kluwer Academic Publishers, 3 rd edition, 1999.

3. Fall 2006EE 5301 - VLSI Design Automation I V-3 References and Copyright (cont.) Slides used: (Modified by Kia when necessary)  [©Sarrafzadeh] © Majid Sarrafzadeh, UCLA  [©Sherwani] © Naveed A. Sherwani, 1992 (companion slides to [She99])  [©Keutzer] © Kurt Keutzer, UC-Berekeley http://www-cad.eecs.berkeley.edu/~niraj/ee244/index.htm  [©Gupta] © Rajesh Gupta, UC-Irvine http://www.ics.uci.edu/~rgupta/ics280.html  [©Kang] © Steve Kang, UIUC http://www.ece.uiuc.edu/ece482/  [©He] © Lei He, UCLA http://eda.ee.ucla.edu/EE201A-04Spring/ (ack on Lei’s slides: Thanks to Chis Chu, Jason Cong, Paul Villarubia and David Pan for contributions to slides)

4. Fall 2006EE 5301 - VLSI Design Automation I V-4 Placement Problem  Given a netlist, and fixed-shape cells (small, standard cell), find the exact location of the cells to minimize area and wire-length  Consistent with the standard-cell design methodology oRow-based, no hard-macros  Modules: oUsually fixed, equal height (exception: double height cells) oSome fixed (I/O pads) oConnected by edges or hyperedges Objectives  Cost components: area, wire length oAdditional cost components: timing, congestion

5. Fall 2006EE 5301 - VLSI Design Automation I V-5 Placement Cost Components Area  Would like to pack all the modules very tightly Wire length (half-perimeter of the hnet bbox)  Minimize average wire length  Would result in tight packing of modules with high connectivity Overlap  Could be prohibited by the moves, or used as penalty  Keep the cells from overlapping (moves cells apart) Timing  Not a 1-1 correspondence with wire length minimization, but consistent on average Congestion  Measure of routability  Tends to move cells apart

6. Fall 2006EE 5301 - VLSI Design Automation I V-6 Importance of Placement Placement: fundamental problem in physical design Glue of the physical synthesis Became very active again in recent years:  9 new academic placers for WL min. since 2000  Many other publications to handle timing, routability, etc. Reasons:  Serious interconnect issues (delay, routability, noise) in deep-submicron design oPlacement determines interconnect to the first order oNeed placement information even in early design stages (e.g., logic synthesis) oNeed to have a good placement solution  Placement problem becomes significantly larger  Cong et al. [ASPDAC-03, ISPD-03, ICCAD-03] point out that existing placers are far from optimal, not scalable, and not stable [© He]

7. Fall 2006EE 5301 - VLSI Design Automation I V-7 Placement can Make A Difference MCNC Benchmark circuit e64 (contains 230 4- LUT). Placed to a FPGA. Random Initial Placement Final Placement After Detailed Routing [© He]

8. Fall 2006EE 5301 - VLSI Design Automation I V-8 Design Types ASICs  Lots of fixed I/Os, few macros, millions of standard cells  Placement densities : 40-80% (IBM)  Flat and hierarchical designs SoCs  Many more macro blocks, cores  Datapaths + control logic  Can have very low placement densities : < 20% Micro-Processor (  P) Random Logic Macros(RLM)  Hierarchical partitions are placement instances (5-30K)  High placement densities : 80%-98% (low whitespace)  Many fixed I/Os, relatively few standard cells  Recall “Partitioning w Terminals” DAC`99, ISPD `99, ASPDAC`00 [© He]

9. Fall 2006EE 5301 - VLSI Design Automation I V-9 Requirements for Placers Must handle 4-10M cells, 1000s macros  64 bits + near-linear asymptotic complexity  Scalable/compact design database (OpenAccess) Accept fixed ports/pads/pins + fixed cells Place macros, esp. with var. aspect ratios  Non-trivial heights and widths (e.g., height=2rows) Honor targets and limits for net length Respect floorplan constraints Handle a wide range of placement densities (from <25% to 100% occupied), ICCAD `02 [© He]

10. Fall 2006EE 5301 - VLSI Design Automation I V-10 Placement Footprints: Standard Cell: Data Path: IP - Floorplanning [© He]

11. Fall 2006EE 5301 - VLSI Design Automation I V-11 Core Control IO Reserved areas Mixed Data Path & sea of gates: Placement Footprints: [© He]

12. Fall 2006EE 5301 - VLSI Design Automation I V-12 Perimeter IO Area IO Placement Footprints: [© He]

13. Fall 2006EE 5301 - VLSI Design Automation I V-13 Unconstrained Placement [© He]

14. Fall 2006EE 5301 - VLSI Design Automation I V-14 Floor planned Placement [© He]

15. Fall 2006EE 5301 - VLSI Design Automation I V-15 VLSI Global Placement Examples bad placement good placement [© He]

16. Fall 2006EE 5301 - VLSI Design Automation I V-16 Placement Algorithms Top-Down  Partitioning-based placement  Recursive bi-partitioning or quadrisection oCut direction? oPartition vs. physical location Iterative  Simulated annealing OR: Force directed  Start with an initial placement, iteratively improve wire-length / area Constructive  Start with a few cells in the center, and place highly connected adjacent modules around them 1 2 B A D B F A C G L H

17. Fall 2006EE 5301 - VLSI Design Automation I V-17 Simulated Annealing Placement Cost  Area (usually fixed # of rows, variable row width)  Wirelength (Euclidian or Manhattan)  Cell overlap (penalty increases with temperature) Moves  Exchange two cells within a radius R (R temperature dependent?)  Displace a cell within a row  Flip a cell horizontally Low vs. High temperature  If used as a post processing, start with low-temp Post-processing?  Might be needed if there are still overlaps

18. Fall 2006EE 5301 - VLSI Design Automation I V-18 Case Study: TimberWolf “The Timberwolf Placement and Routing Package”, Sechen, Sangiovanni; IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol SC-20, No. 2(1985) 510-522 “Timber wolf 3.2: A New Standard Cell Placement and Global Routing Package” Sechen, Sangiovanni, 23rd DAC, 1986, 432-439 Timber wolf Stage 1  Modules are moved between different rows as well as within the same row  modules overlaps are allowed  when the temperature is reduced below a certain value, stage 2 begins Stage 2  Remove overlaps  Annealing process continues, but only interchanges adjacent modules within the same row [© He]

19. Fall 2006EE 5301 - VLSI Design Automation I V-19 Solution Space All possible arrangements of modules into rows possibly with overlaps overlaps [© He]

20. Fall 2006EE 5301 - VLSI Design Automation I V-20 Neighboring Solutions M3: Change the orientation of a module 1 2 3 4 2 1 3 4 1 2 3 4 Axis of reflections M1: Displace a module to a new location M2: Interchange two modules.. Three types of moves: [© He]

21. Fall 2006EE 5301 - VLSI Design Automation I V-21 Move Selection Timber wolf first try to select a move betwee M1 and M2 oProb(M1)=4/5 oProb(M2)=1/5 If a move of type M1 is chosen (for certain module) and it is rejected, then a move of type M3 (for the same module) will be chosen with probability 1/10 Restriction on: How far a module can be displaced What pairs of modules can be interchanged M1: Displacement M2: Interchange M3: Reflection [© He]

22. Fall 2006EE 5301 - VLSI Design Automation I V-22 Move Restriction Range Limiter  At the beginning, R is very large, big enough to contain the whole chip  Window size shrinks slowly as the temperature decreases. In fact, height and width of R  log(T)  Stage 2 begins when window size are so small that no inter-row modules interchanges are possible Rectangular window R [© He]

23. Fall 2006EE 5301 - VLSI Design Automation I V-23 Cost Function Cost = C 1 +C 2 +C 3  C 1 =  (a i w i + b i h i )  a i, b i are horizontal and vertical weights, respectively  a i =1, b i =1  1/2 perimeter of bounding box  Critical nets: Increase both a i and b i  Double metal technology: Over-the-cell routing is possible. Fewer feed through cells are needed  vertical wirings are “cheaper” than horizontal wirings. use smaller vertical weights i.e. b i < a i net i hihi wiwi [© He]

24. Fall 2006EE 5301 - VLSI Design Automation I V-24 Cost Function (Cont’d) C 2 : Penalty function for module overlaps O(i,j) = amount of overlaps in the X-dimension between modules i and j  — offset parameter to ensure C 2  0 when T  0     ji jiOC 2 2 ),(  C 3 : Penalty function that controls the row lengths Desired row length = d( r ) l ( r ) = sum of the widths of the modules in row r   r rdrlC)()( 3  [© He]

25. Fall 2006EE 5301 - VLSI Design Automation I V-25 Annealing Schedule  T k = r(k)T k-1 k= 1, 2, 3, ….  r(k) increase from 0.8 to max value 0.94 and then decrease to 0.1  At each temperature, a total number of Kn attempts is made  n= number of modules  K= user specified constant [© He]

26. Fall 2006EE 5301 - VLSI Design Automation I V-26 Force-Directed Placement Model  Wires simulated as springs (if the only force, what will happen?) Force ij = Weight ij x distance ij.  Cell sizes as repellant forces  [Eisenmann, DAC’98]: “vacant” regions work as “attracting” forces “overcrowded” regions work as “repelling” forces Algorithm  Solve a set of linear equations to find an intermediate solution (module locations)  Repeat the process until equilibrium

27. Fall 2006EE 5301 - VLSI Design Automation I V-27 Force-Directed Placement (cont.) Model (details):  Cell distances: either  OR:  Forces:  Objective: find x,y coordinates for all cells such that total force exerted on each cell is zero.

28. Fall 2006EE 5301 - VLSI Design Automation I V-28 Force-Directed Placement (cont.) Avoiding overlaps or collapsing in one point?  Use fixed boundary I/O cells  Use repelling force between cells that are not connected by a net  Do not allow a move that results in overlap  Use repelling “field” forces from congested areas to sparse ones [Eisenmann, DAC’98] Problems with force directed:  Overlap still might occur (cell sizes model artificially)  Flat design, not hierarchy

29. Fall 2006EE 5301 - VLSI Design Automation I V-29 Partitioning-based Placement Simultaneously perform:  Circuit partitioning  Chip area partitioning  Assign circuit partitions to chip slots Problem:  Circuit partitioning unaware of the physical location  Solution: Terminal propagation (add dummy terminals) A B A B A B [She99] p.239 AB

30. Fall 2006EE 5301 - VLSI Design Automation I V-30 Partitioning-based Placement More problems:  Direction of the cut? [Yildiz, DAC’01]  How to handle fixed blocks? (area assigned to a partition might not be enough)  How to correct a bad decision made at a higher level? Advantages:  Hierarchical, scalable  Inherently apt for congestion minimization, easily extendable to timing optimization 1 23 45 67 1 23 45 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (a) (b) (c) 12 3 (d)

31. Fall 2006EE 5301 - VLSI Design Automation I V-31 To Probe Further... W. C. Elmore, “The transient analysis of damped linear networks with particular regard to wideband amplifiers“, Jour. of Applied Physics, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 55-63, 1948. (interconnect delay modeling) Hans Eisenmann and Frank M. Johannes “Generic Global Placement and Floorplanning”, Design Automation Conference (DAC), pp. 269-274, 1998. (force directed method) Maogang Wang, Xiaojian Yang and Majid Sarrafzadeh “Dragon2000: Standard-Cell Placement Tool for Large Industry Circuits”, International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD), pp. 260-263, 2000. (partitioning-based placement) Dennis J.-H. Huang and Andrew B. Kahng “Partitioning-based Standard-cell Global Placement With An Exact Objective”, International Symposium on Physical Design (ISPD), pp. 18-25, 1997. (quadrisection-based placement)

32. Fall 2006EE 5301 - VLSI Design Automation I V-32 To Probe Further... Xiaojian Yang, Elaheh Bozorgzadeh and Majid Sarrafzadeh, “Wirelength Estimation based on Rent Exponents of Partitioning and Placement”, System Level Interconnect Prediction (SLIP), pp. 25-31, 2001. A. R. Agnihotri, S. Ono, C. Li, M. C. Yildiz, A. Khatkhate, C.-K. Koh, and P. H. Madden, "Mixed Block Placement via Fractional Cut Recursive Bisection”, IEEE Trans. on Computer-Aided Design, Vol 24, No. 5, pages 748- 761, May 2005. (partitioning-based placement) Chandra Mulpuri and Scott Hauck “Runtime and Quality Tradeoffs in FPGA Placement and Routing”, International Symposium on Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA), pp. 29-36, 2001. (placement and routing quality/speed trade-off)