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1 The study of biochemistry is necessary to understand Microbiology Habitat Diet
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2 Why Chemistry? Conflict between microbe and host. Vibrio cholera toxin inserting into intestinal cells.
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3 Terms and Definitions to review and Remember: Atom, protons, neutrons, electrons, isotopes, elements, molecules, ions, anions, cations, compounds, covalent bonds, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, pH, acids, and bases. Solution Suspension
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4 Atom: smallest unit of an element Elements differ by number of protons http://www.perceptions.couk.com/imgs/atom.gif
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5 Molecule: atoms joined together with covalent bonds Electrons are shared between atoms. Forms strong bonds. When atoms in the molecule are of different elements, the substance is called a “compound”. http://www.truenorthgb.com/images/molecule.jpg
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6 Covalent bonds & polar molecules Water Covalent Bonds: sharing of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms. Strong. Oxygen is an electron hog; the electrons spend more time there leaving the hydrogen’s proton nearly naked (and somewhat positive): Water is a polar molecule mdp2.phys.ucl.ac.uk/ Talks/Ice/Ice.html
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7 Hydrogen bonds: Electrical attraction between electronegative oxygen atom and nearly naked proton. Bonds made between polar molecules. Weak bonds.
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8 H-bonds hold large molecules together Example: A-T base pair in DNA http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Fg10_16a.gif
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9 Hydrophilic and hydrophobic Surfaces made of molecules without polar groups (e.g. CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2.) repel water.
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10 pH= -log [H+] Logarithmic pH 7 is neutral Ranges from 0-14 Molecules that release H+ are acids; those that release OH- are bases. http://www.btinternet.com/~chemistry.diagrams/ph_scale.gif
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11 Functional Groups
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12 Small molecules (monomers) and macromolecules (polymers) Ethylene and polyethylene
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13 Four Classes of Biological Molecules Carbohydrates –Sugars and their polymers Nucleic acids and nucleotides –DNA, RNA, ATP Lipids –Various hydrophobic molecules Proteins and amino acids
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14 Carbohydrates: CH 2 O Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, many others Disaccharides: sucrose, lactose Oligosaccharides: found on glycoproteins, in cytoplasm (oligo- means “few”) Polysaccharides: starch, glycogen, agar, chitin, xanthan gum
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18 A nucleotide: a monomer of DNA http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/nucleotide.gif
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19 Nucleic acids are the polymers made from nucleotides. DNAtRNA http://www.biochem.uwo.ca/meds/medna/IMG/tRNA.GIF
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20 Structure of DNA http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/molecular%20biology/16-05-doublehelix.jpg
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22 Phospholipids are essential building blocks for membranes; sterol-type molecules are rarely found in bacteria.
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23 A lipid polymer: a biodegradable plastic made by bacteria.
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