1. Microsoft ® PowerPoint Presentation to accompany Chapter 18 Global Climate Change Viewing recommendations for Windows: Use the Arial TrueType font and set your screen area to at least 800 by 600 pixels with Colors set to Hi-Color (16 bit). Viewing recommendations for Macintosh: Use the Arial TrueType font and set your monitor resolution to at least 800 by 600 pixels with Color Depth set to thousands of colors.

2. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 18–2 Figure 18-1: Carbon Emissions Due to Fossil Fuel Consumption, 1860–1995 Source: Adapted from Manne and Richels, Buying Greenhouse Insurance: The Economic Costs of CO2 Emission Limits. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1994. Updated with data only from Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/. Courtesy of CDIAC.

3. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 18–3 Figure 18-2: Temperature Trend 1000–2000 Source: Adapted from The Economist, Nov. 18-24, 2000; data from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDAIC), http://cdiac.csd.esd.ornl.gov/.http://cdiac.csd.esd.ornl.gov/

4. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 18–4 Figure 18-3: Global Temperature Trends Projected to 2100 Source: IPCC, 1996. IPCC, 2001, projects a slightly higher range of temperature increase from 2.4°C to 5.8°C by 2100.

5. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 18–5 Figure 18-4: Projected Carbon Emissions Through 2020, Business as Usual Scenario Source: Adapted from Duchin and Lange, 1994.

6. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 18–6 Figure 18-5: Per Capita Emissions of Carbon by Region, Business as Usual Scenario Source: Adapted from Duchin and Lange, 1994.

7. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 18–7 Figure 18-6: Long-Term Costs and Benefits of Abating Global Climate Change Source: Adapted from William R. Cline, The Economics of Global Warming, Washington D.C.: Institute for International Economics, 1992. Reprinted by permission of Institute for International Economics.

8. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 18–8 Figure 18-7: The Economic Effects of a Carbon Tax

9. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 18–9 Figure 18-8: Gasoline Price Versus use in Industrial Countries, 1994 Source: Adapted from Roodman, 1997.

10. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 18–10 Figure 18-9: United States Greenhouse Gas Emissions, 1990–2010 Source: Percentage growth and proposed emissions cuts cited in “American Demands Something for Nothing, But the World Needs an End to its Hot Air,” The Independent (London), November 27, 2000. mirandj: add source mirandj: add source

11. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 18–11 Figure 18-10: Least-Cost Carbon Reduction with Tradable Permits—Determination of Carbon Permit Price

12. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 18–12 Figure 18-10: Least-Cost Carbon Reduction with Tradable Permits— Determination of Carbon Permit Price