1. Stratigraphy The study of the origin, relationship and extent of rock layers (Strata).

2. Lithostratigraphy Each layer is a different rock type. Chronostratigraphy Each layer is a different age. Biostratigraphy Each layer contains a different fossil assemblage.

3. Lithostratigraphic Units Supergroup Group A Formation A Member A Member B Member C Formation B Member D Member E Member F Formation C Member G Member H Group B Formation D Member I Member J Member K Member L Member M Formation E Member N Member O Member P Member Q Formation F Member R Member S Member T Supergroup | Group | Formation | Member | Bed

4. Lithostratigraphic Example: Grand Canyon

5. How do we Illustrate Stratigraphy? Stratigraphic Columns Cross Sections Geologic Maps

6. Stratigraphic Column: John Day Fossil Beds NM

7. Geologic Maps Snoqualmie Pass

8. Chronostratigraphic Map of Washington

9. Cross Sections

10. Principles (Laws) of Stratigraphy Principle of… Original Horizontality Superposition Lateral Continuity Cross Cutting Relationships Inclusions Faunal Succession Walther’s Law

11. Nicholas Steno

12. 1. Principle of Original Horizontality

13. 2. Principle of Superposition Youngest Strata Oldest Strata

14. 3. Principle of Lateral Continuity

15. Lateral Continuity

16. Charles Lyell

17. 4. Principle of Cross Cutting Relationships

18. 5. Principle of Inclusions

19. 6. Principle of Faunal Succession Sketch by Baron Cuvier (1769-1832)

20. William “Strata” Smith

21. 6. Principle of Faunal Succession "... each stratum contained organized fossils peculiar to itself, and might, in cases otherwise doubtful, be recognized and discriminated from others like it, but in a different part of the series, by examination of them."

22. Biostratigraphy Defined by first and last appearance of index fossils and/or fossil assemblages Superzone - Biozones - Subzones

23. Diatoms

24. Boundaries: Conformable Bed Contacts GradationalSharp

25. Boundaries: Unconformities Gaps in Rock = Gaps in Time

26. Types of Unconformities: Nonconformity

27. Nonconformity - Grand Canyon

28. Using Inclusions to Recognize a Nonconformity

29. Types of Unconformities: Angular Unconformity

30. Formation of an Angular Unconformity

31. Angular Unconformity in the Grand Canyon

32. The Angular Unconformity at Siccar Point, Scotland Source: Edward A. Hay, De Anza College, Cupertino, CA

33. Types of Unconformities: Disconformity

34. Formation of a Disconformity

35. Walther’s Law Johannes Walther (1860-1937)

36. Concept of Sedimentary Facies Sedimentary Facies refers to all of the characteristics of a particular rock unit. The characteristics of the rock unit come from the depositional environment. Facies Depositional Environments

37. Facies Example A = Sandstone facies (beach environment) B = Shale facies (offshore marine environment) C = Limestone facies (far from sources of terrigenous input) Facies Change

38. Marine Transgression = Sea Level Rise Marine Regression = Sea Level Fall

39. Walther’s Law Sedimentary environments that started out side-by-side will end up overlapping one another over time due to transgressions and regressions. Limestone Shale Siltstone Sandstone Reef Lagoon Near Shore Beach Environment Facies

40. Marine Trangression Walther’s Law

41. Marine Regression

42. “The sea goes in, the sea goes out.”

43. Blue = No deposition

44. Vail Curve of Sea Level History TransgressionRegression

45. Correlation

46. ABC Regression Transgression

47. Example of Correlation

48. Colorado Plateau Correlation

50. Chronostratigraphic Units Chronostratigraphic (Time-Rock) Unit Eonothem Erathem System Series Stage

51. Chronostratigraphy and the Development of the Geologic Time Scale

52. Chronostratigraphic & Time Units Time Unit Eon Era Period Epoch Age Time-Rock Unit Eonothem Erathem System Series Stage

53. Geologic Time Scale

55. Relative Dating of Rocks Using Stratigraphic Principles

56. Example 2 of Relative Time