1. Lō‘ihi: Length, height, distance: long. (also lōkihi). Lō‘ihi ke ala – the road is long. Ho‘o lō‘ihi – to lengthen. Also, a young undersea volcano 30 km SE of Hawai‘i Island. (From the Hawaiian Dictionary by Pukui & Elbert ‘Keiki ‘ehu kama ‘ehu a Kanaloa,’” she explains. “‘The reddish child, the reddish child of Kanaloa,’ who is the deity of the ocean.” Hānau Ka Moku, a chant by Hālau O Kekuhi LŌ‘IHI, PARTIAL MELTING, AND ALKALIC & THOLEIITIC BASALTS

2. Garcia et al. (2006) Geology, geochemistry and earthquake history of Lō‘ihi Seamount, Hawai‘i’s youngest volcano. Chemie der Erde 66: 81–108

4. The first bathymetric map to show (but not identify) Lō‘ihi Stearns HT (1946) Geology of the Hawaiian Islands. Hawaii Div Hydrography Bulletin 8

5. Earthquake data from March and April, 1952, young volcano idea first proposed Macdonald GA (1952) The South Hawaii earthquakes of March and April, 1952. The Volcano Letter 515:3-5 “Submarine contours…show a broad dome with its apex 21 miles nearly due south of the summit of Kilauea volcano…This dome is probably a shield volcano, lying against the side of the Kilauea shield just as Kilauea does against the side of Mauna Loa.”

6. Lō‘ihi gets a name “One of the seamounts (Wini – “coming to a point, sharp pointed”) is conical in shape, one (Loihi – “to extend, to be long”) is elongate, one (‘Apu‘upu‘u – “a rough, uneven surface, such as a hillock” is irregular with several peaks, and the other two smaller ones (Hohonu and Papa‘u – “to be shallow, as water”) are of uncertain shape, possibly conical” Emery KO (1955) Submarine topography south of Hawai‘i. Pacific Science 9:286-291

7. Bathymetric data got better in the 1980s Fornari DJ et al. (1988) Morphology and structure of Loihi seamount based on SEABEAM sonar mapping. J Geophys Res 93 no. B12: 15,227-15,238

8. Fornari DJ et al. (1988) Morphology and structure of Loihi seamount based on SEABEAM sonar mapping. J Geophys Res 93 no. B12: 15,227-15,238 perspective view to the south

9. perspective view to the northwest Fornari DJ et al. (1988) Morphology and structure of Loihi seamount based on SEABEAM sonar mapping. J Geophys Res 93 no. B12: 15,227-15,238

10. Earthquakes between 20 and 24 km depth from 1970 to 1983 (after Klein et al. 1987)

11. http://data.gns.cri.nz/hazardwatch/gsblogs/uploaded_images/Dredge4-757796.jpg Some time in the late 1970s, an ocean dredge (not this one) pulled up fresh-looking, un-sedimented pillow lavas – Lō‘ihi was young

15. pillow lavas on Lō‘ihi, viewed from ALVIN

16. pillow lava and sediment near the summit of Lō‘ihi

17. broken, crumpled sheet lava flows, Lō‘ihi

18. talus on the upper flanks of Lō‘ihi, viewed from ALVIN

21. warm (~30˚ C) water near the summit of Lō‘ihi

23. Garcia et al. (2006) Geology, geochemistry and earthquake history of Lō‘ihi Seamount, Hawai‘i’s youngest volcano. Chemie der Erde 66: 81–108

24. http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/HUGO/about_hugo.html HUGO – the Hawai‘i Undersea Geo Observatory

25. HUGO on the ship, about to be deployed HUGO on the bottom

26. The HUGO fiber-optic cable came ashore at Honu‘apo pier http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/HUGO/deploy_shore.html

27. 1880 1908 1925 1997 – installation of cable Honu‘apo pier through the years Old photos from http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/HUGO/pier.html

28. Numerous earthquake swarms have occurred at Lō‘ihi Garcia et al. (2006) Geology, geochemistry and earthquake history of Lō‘ihi Seamount, Hawai‘i’s youngest volcano. Chemie der Erde 66: 81–108

29. …but the 1996 swarm was by far the biggest. In fact, it was the largest earthquake swarm ever recorded on any Hawaiian volcano. Garcia et al. (2006) Geology, geochemistry and earthquake history of Lō‘ihi Seamount, Hawai‘i’s youngest volcano. Chemie der Erde 66: 81–108

30. The 1996 earthquake swarm occurred in July and August Age-dating of volcanic glass samples collected during the seismic swarm indicated that they had been erupted a vew months earlier Garcia et al. (2006) Geology, geochemistry and earthquake history of Lō‘ihi Seamount, Hawai‘i’s youngest volcano. Chemie der Erde 66: 81–108

31. Although Lō‘ihi is still ~1 km below sea level, it is already quite a large volcano Fuji Rainier

32. Surtsey (Iceland), emerging from the Atlantic in 1963 Violent interaction of erupting magma and shallow ocean water http://www.ddg.com/LIS/InfoDesignF97/car/Real1d.htm

33. A "hotspot", as we know it, is an upward- moving cylinder of solid mantle material. The material in the center moves the fastest and therefore finds itself out of equilibrium the most. In turn, it melts to the greatest degree. Volcanoes fed by this part erupt tholeiite basalt and erupt often. The outer part moves the slowest and only melts a little bit. Volcanoes fed by this region erupt alkalic basalt and erupt infrequently.

35. upstream edge of hot column right over hot column downstream edge of hot column

36. In reality, if the upwelling starts at the core-mantle boundary, then a "hotspot" is more than 10 times as tall as it is wide. A “HOTSPOT” IS PROBABLY MORE LIKE A “HOT COLUMN”

37. http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/GG/HCV/loihi.html