1. Natural Selection: experimental evidence

2. Do Tephritid flies mimic jumping spiders? Zonosemata

6. Coevolution Two or more species. Change in one species serves as a selector for change in the other species. Interplay of changing gene frequencies. Parallel evolutionary paths.

7. Models of coevolution

8. Phylogenies of coevolving species 1. Perfect congruence between mutualistic species tryptophan

9. 2. Partial congruence between hosts and parasites

10. A famous Müllerian mimicry complex. Each species with subspecies defined by color pattern and geography. What happens at subspecific boundaries?

11. Micrurus eryxanthus: Western coral snake Aposematic coloration Problem: how established?

12. A mimetic system Batesian and Müllerian Mimicry Aposematic coloration Parallel geographic variation Micrurus 6 species. Highly venomous Fixed front fangs Neotropical Elapidae Pliocercus 1 or 2 species. Mildly venomous Fixed rear fangs Colubridae

13. Does aposematic coloration work? Plasticine models Forest floor: on white paper and on forest floor

14. Experiment carried out in natural habitat

15. Resemblance does not have to be perfect to confer protection Significant differences

16. Is avoidance of aposematic coloration innate? Naïve motmots (Neotropical birds) Caged birds presented with: – 1. coral snake models – 2. models of natural prey species.