1. INTERURBAN ROADS

2. Scope of Interurban Roads Interurban Road Segments  without continuous development on either side, such as restaurants, factories, or villages. Urban/Suburban Road Segments  continuous permanent development along all or almost of its length, on at least one side of the road. Population at least 100.000

3. Scope of Interurban Roads Interurban Road Types –Two-lane two-way roads (2/2 UD) –Four-lane two-way roads Undivided (i.e. no median) (4/2 UD) Divided (i.e. with median) (4/2 D) –Six-lane two-way divide roads (6/2 D)

4. Scope of Interurban Roads Conditions: Flat, rolling or hilly alignment Specific grades (e.g. climbing lane)

5. Scope of Interurban Roads Road Segments: Between and unaffected by major intersections, and Having similar geometric design and traffic flow and composition along its length.

6. Objective of Interurban Roads Design of interurban roads should be selected with the aim to ensure that degree of saturation does not exceed an acceptable value (normally 0,75)

7. Traffic Safety Considerations Widening of the lane decreases the accident rates between 2-15% per meter widening (the high number refers to small roads). Widening and improvement of shoulder surface conditions improves traffic safety, although to a smaller degree than lane widening

11. Traffic Safety Considerations Climbing lane in steep grades reduce the accident rate with 25-30%. Passing lanes (extra lanes for overtaking in flat terrain) reduce the accident rate with15-20% Straightening of isolated, sharp curves reduces accident rates with 25-60%

12. Traffic Safety Considerations A median reduces the accident rate with 30% Median barriers (used when the space is insufficient to make a full median) reduce fatal and severe injury accidents with 10- 30%, but increase damage only accidents.

13. Interurban Roads Performance Indicator Degree of Saturation (≤ 0,75) Level of Service (A – F) Actual Free-Flow Speed Travel Time Degree of Bunching Actual Uphill Speed (*) Uphill Travel Time (*)

14. STEP A-1: General Data Date (day, month, year) and Handled by Province Link number/road name Segment code Segment between … or … Administrative road class (National, Provincial or Kabupaten) Road type (4/2 D, 4/2 UD, 2/2 UD, 2/1) Length of segments Road function (Arterial, Collector or Local) Time period Case number

15. STEP A-2: Geometric Conditions Compass arrow showing North Km-posts Sketch of the horizontal alignment Arrows identifying Direction 1 (North or East- bound) and Direction 2 (South or West-bound) Names of the places Major buildings Intersections and entries/exits Pavement markings

16. STEP A-2: Geometric Conditions Sight Distance Class % of Segment with Sight Distance of at least 300m A> 70% B30 – 70% C< 30%

17. STEP A-2: Geometric Conditions Alignment Type Rise + Fall (m/km) Horizontal Curvature (rad/km) Flat< 10< 1,0 Rolling10 – 301,0 – 2,5 Hilly> 30> 2,5

18. CONVERSION INTO RADIANS/KM 60 O 70 O 40 O A road segment length = 3km

19. STEP A-3: Traffic Conditions Two-Way Undivided Roads (2/2 UD) Alignment Type Total Flow veh/h pce MHVLBLT MC Carriageway Width (m) < 6 m6 – 8 m> 8 m Flat 01,2 1,80,80,60,4 8001,8 2,71,20,90,6 1.3501,51,62,50,90,70,5  1.900 1,31,52,50,60,50,4 Rolling 01,81,65,20,70,50,3 6502,42,55,01,00,80,5 1.1002,0 4,00,80,60,4  1.600 1,7 3,20,50,40,3 Hilly 03,52,56,00,60,40,2 4503,03,25,50,90,70,4 9002,5 5,00,70,50,3  1.350 1,92,24,00,50,40,3

20. STEP A-3: Traffic Conditions Four-Lane Two-Way Roads (4/2 D/UD ) Alignment Type Traffic Flow veh/hpce Divided road per direction veh/h Undivided road per direction veh/h MHVLBLTMC Flat 001,2 1,60,5 1.000 1,4 2,00,6 1.8003.2501,61,72,50,8  2.150  3.950 1,31,52,00,5 Rolling 001,81,64,80,4 7501.3502,0 4,60,5 1.4002.5002,22,34,30,7  1.750  3.150 1,81,93,50,4 Hilly 003,22,25,50,3 5501.0002,92,65,10,4 1.1002.0002,62,94,80,6  1.500  2.700 2,02,43,80,3

21. STEP A-3: Traffic Conditions Six-Lane Two-Way Divided Roads (6/2 D) Alignment Type Traffic Flow per direction veh/h pce MHVLBLTMC Flat 01,2 1,60,5 1.5001,4 2,00,6 2.7501,61,72,50,8  3.250 1,31,52,00,5 Rolling 01,81,64,80,4 1.1002,0 4,60,5 2.1002,22,34,30,7  2.650 1,81,93,50,4 Hilly 03,22,25,50,3 8002,92,65,10,4 1.7002,62,94,80,6  2.300 2,02,43,80,3

22. STEP A-3: Traffic Conditions Six-Lane Two-Way Divided Roads (6/2 D) Length (km) pce Gradient (%) 34567 MHVLTMHVLTMHVLTMHVLTMHVLT 0,502,004,003,005,003,806,404,507,305,008,00 0,752,504,603,306,004,207,504,808,605,309,30 1,002,805,003,506,204,407,605,008,605,409,30 1,502,805,003,606,204,407,605,008,505,409,10 2,002,805,003,606,204,407,504,908,305,208,90 3,002,805,003,606,204,207,504,608,305,008,90 4,002,805,003,606,204,207,504,608,305,008,90 5,002,805,003,606,204,207,504,608,305,008,90

23. STEP A-4: Side Friction Number of pedestrians passing along or crossing the road segment (0,6) /h, 200m Number of stopping vehicles and parking maneuvers (0,8) /h, 200m Number of motor vehicle entries and exists to/from roadside properties and side roads (1,0) /h, 200m Flow of slow-moving vehicles (bicycles, tricycles, horse-charts, oxcarts, tractors, etc.) (0,4) /h

24. STEP A-4: Side Friction Side friction class Code Weighted number of events per 200 m per hour (both sides) Typical conditions Very lowVL< 50 Rural, agriculture or undeveloped, almost no activities LowL50 – 149 Rural, some roadside buildings & activities MediumM150 – 249 Village, local transport & activities HighH250 – 350 Village, some market activities Very HighVH> 350 Almost urban, market/business activities

25. STEP B-1: Analysis of Free-flow Speed FV  free-flow speed for LV at actual conditions (kph) FV 0  Base free-flow speed for light vehicles (kph) FV W  Adjustment for effective carriageway width (km/h) FFV SF  Adjustment factor for side friction conditions FFV RC  Adjustment factor for road function class

26. STEP B-1: Analysis of Free-flow Speed Road Type/Alignment Type/Sight Distance Class Base Free-Flow Speed FV 0 (km/h) LVMHVLBLTMC Six-Lane Divided Flat83678664 Rolling7156685258 Hilly6245554055 Four-Lane Divided Flat7865816264 Rolling6855665158 Hilly6044533955

27. STEP B-1: Analysis of Free-flow Speed Road Type/Alignment Type/Sight Distance Class Base Free-Flow Speed FV 0 (km/h) LVMHVLBLTMC Four-Lane Undivided Flat74637860 Rolling6654655056 Hilly5843523953 Two-Lane Undivided Flat SDC A6860735855 Flat SDC B6557695554 Flat SDC C6154635253 Rolling6152624953 Hilly5542503851

28. STEP B-1: Analysis of Free-flow Speed Rise + Fall (m/km) Base Free-Flow Speed (LV), Two-Way Two-Lane Roads Horizontal Curvature rad/km < 0,50,5 - 11 - 22 - 44 - 66 - 88 - 10 568656358524743 1567646258524743 2566646257514743 3565636157504642 4564616056494542 5561585753484441 6558565551464340 7556545350454239 8554525148434138 9552504946424037

29. STEP B-2: Free-flow Speed Adjustment FV W for Carriageway Width [Table B-2:1] Four and Six-Lane Divided For Flat SDC ABC, Rolling SDC ABC FV W = 21,333W C 3 - 216W C 2 + 732,67W C – 833 For Hilly FV W = 10,667W C 3 - 104W C 2 + 341,33W C – 378

30. STEP B-2: Free-flow Speed Adjustment FV W for Carriageway Width [Table B-2:1] Four-Lane Undivided For Flat SDC AB FV W = 21,333W C 3 - 216W C 2 + 732,67W C – 833 For Flat SDC C, Rolling SDC ABC FV W = 10,667W C 3 - 104W C 2 + 341,33W C – 378 For Hilly FV W = 8W C 2 - 50W C + 77

31. STEP B-2: Free-flow Speed Adjustment FV W for Carriageway Width [Table B-2:1] Two-Lane Undivided For Flat SDC AB FV W = -0,0606W C 4 + 2,1061W C 3 – 27,288W C 2 + 157,2W C – 340,17 For Flat SDC C, Rolling SDC ABC FV W = 0,0083W C 5 – 0,3977 C 4 + 7,4356W C 3 – 68,254W C 2 + 309,25W C – 555,83 For Hilly FV W = 0,0056W C 6 - 0,2583W C 5 + 4,8472W C 4 - 46,625W C 3 + 239,65W C 2 – 610,62W C – 574

32. STEP B-3: Free-flow Speed Adjustment Factor FFV SF for Side Friction Road with shoulders Table B-3:1 Adjustment factor FFV SF for six-lane roads FFV 6SF = 1 - 0,8 x (1 - FFV 4SF )

33. STEP B-4: Free-flow Speed Adjustment Factor FFV CS for City Size Road Type Adjustment Factor FFV RC Roadside Development (%) 0255075100 Four-Lane Divided Arterial1,000,990,980,960,95 Collector0,990,980,970,950,94 Local0,980,970,960,940,93 Four-Lane Undivided Arterial1,000,990,970,960,945 Collector0,970,960,940,930,915 Local0,950,940,920,910,895 Two-Lane Undivided Arterial1,000,980,970,960,94 Collector0,940,930,910,900,88 Local0,900,880,870,860,84

34. STEP B-5: Determination of Free-flow Speed for Actual Conditions Free-flow speed for light vehicles (LV) FV = (FV 0 + FV W ) x FFV SF x FFV RC Free-flow speed for other vehicle types FFV = FV 0 – FV FVMHV = FV MHV0 – FFV x FV MHV0 /FV 0 FV MHV0  Table B-1:1

35. STEP B-6: Determination of Free-flow Speed for Specific Grades Free-flow speed for light vehicles (LV) FV = (FV 0 + FV W ) x FFV SF x FFV RC Free-flow speed for other vehicle types FFV = FV 0 – FV FVHV = FV HV0 – FFV x FV HV0 /FV 0 FV HV0  Table B-1:1

36. STEP B-6: Determination of Free-flow Speed for Specific Grades Length km Direction 1, Uphill Gradient % Direction 2, Downhill Gradient % 3456734567 0,568,065,762,659,555,268,0 65,762,6 1,067,764,360,356,051,468,0 67,764,360,3 2,067,663,458,954,349,568,0 67,663,458,9 3,067,563,158,553,848,968,0 67,563,158,5 4,067,462,958,253,448,568,0 67,462,958,2 5,067,462,858,053,248,568,0 67,462,858,0

37. STEP B-6: Determination of Free-flow Speed for Specific Grades Length km LT Uphill Gradient % 34567 0,550,945,039,534,329,4 1,047,640,934,630,226,1 2,045,238,632,528,524,7 3,044,437,931,827,924,3 4,044,137,631,527,724,1 5,043,837,331,327,523,9

38. STEP C-1: Base Capacity Road Type /Alignment Type Base Capacity pcu/h/lane Four-Lane Divided Flat1.900 Rolling1.850 Hilly1.800 Four-Lane Undivided Flat1.700 Rolling1.650 Hilly1.600

39. STEP C-1: Base Capacity Road Type /Alignment Type Base Capacity Total Both Direction pcu/h Two-Lane Undivided Flat3.100 Rolling3.000 Hilly2.900

40. STEP C-2: Capacity Adjustment Factor FC W for Carriageway Width [Table C-2:1] Four or Six-lane divided (4/2 D or 6/2 D) Four-lane undivided (4/2 UD) FC W = 0,0825W C 3 – 0,8848W C 2 + 3,3103W C – 3,2867 Two-lane undivided (2/2 UD) FC W = -0,0002W C 6 + 0,0079W C 5 – 0,1676W C 4 + 1,884W C 3 -11,807W C 2 + 39,213W C – 53,18

41. STEP C-3: Capacity Adjustment Factor FC SP for Directional Split Directional split SP %-% 50-5055-4560-4065-3570-30 FC SP Two- lane 2/2 1,000,970,940,910,88 Four- lane 4/2 1,000,9750,950,9250,90

42. STEP C-4: Capacity Adjustment Factor FC SF for Side Friction Road with shoulders Table C-4:1 Adjustment factor FC SF for six-lane roads FC 6SF = 1 - 0,8 x (1 - FC 4SF )

43. STEP C-5: Determination of Capacity for Actual Condition C  Capacity (pcu/h) C 0  Base capacity (pcu/h) FC W  Adjustment factor for carriageway width FC SP  Adjustment factor for directional split FC SF  Adjustment factor for side friction

44. STEP C-6: Determination of Capacity for Specific Condition C  Capacity (pcu/h) C 0  Base capacity (pcu/h) FC W  Adjustment factor for carriageway width FC SP  Adjustment factor for directional split FC SF  Adjustment factor for side friction

45. STEP C-6: Determination of Capacity for Specific Condition Length of Grade /Slope of Grade Base Capacity pcu/h Length  0,5 km / all slopes 3.000 Length  0,8 km / slope  4,5% 2.900 All other cases2.800

46. STEP C-6: Determination of Capacity for Specific Condition % Traffic Uphill (direction 1)FC SP 700,78 650,83 600,88 550,94 501,00 451.03 401.06 351.09 301.12

47. STEP D-1: Degree of Saturation Q  Traffic flow (pcu/h) Q  IR-2 (column 14 row 5 for undivided road) Q  IR-2 (column 14 row 3 & 4 for each direction of travel on divided road) C  Capacity (pcu/h) C  IR-3 (column 15)

48. STEP D-2: Speed and Travel Time Determine the speed at actual traffic Figure D-2:1 (two-lane undivided roads) Figure D-2:2 (four-lane undivided roads) Enter segment length (km) in column 24 Form IR-3 Calculate average travel time (hour) for Light Vehicle

49. STEP D-3: Degree of Bunching (Platooning) Determine Degree of Bunching (DB) on two-lane two-way undivided roads based on Degree of Saturation (DS) column 22 Form IR-3, see figure D-3:1 or using equation:

50. STEP D-4: Speed and Travel Time for Specific Grades Without Climbing Lane P. 6-75 With Climbing Lane P. 6-76

51. STEP D-4: Speed and Travel Time for Specific Grades With Climbing Lane Uphill direction as one direction of a four- lane undivided road in hilly alignment

52. STEP D-5: Evaluation of Traffic Performance If DS > 0,75  revise calculations