1. THE REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT

2. THE RUSSIAN INTELLIGENTSIA WESTERNIZERS  Moderates (Fathers): TIMOFEI GRANOVKSY & NIKOLAI STANKEVICH  Mild liberal reform  Education & enlightenment  Evolutionary approach  Radicals (Sons): VISSARION BELINSKY, ALEXANDER HERZEN  Revolutionary approach  Russian socialism T. Granovskii N. Stankevich V. Belinsky A. Herzen

3. THE REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT PETRASHEVKSY CIRCLE  NIKOLAI CHERNYSHEVSKY & FEDOR DOSTOEVSKY  Influenced by French Utopian socialism PHALANSTERIES  Transitional group between Moderates & Radicals  Arrested 1849 N. Chernyshevsky F. Dostoevsky Charles Fourier

4. THE REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT INCREASING RADICALIZATION  Frustrations born from limitations of reforms  Sharp break between moderates & radicals in 1860s  Rise of NIHILISM, utilitarianism, materialism, critical realism  Influenced by LUDWIG FEUERBACH  Advocated emancipation & equality for all, even women LUDWIG FEUERBACH

5. THE REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT POPULISM  Loose form of socialism  Shared desire to help masses  Commune as basis of society  LAND AND FREEDOM (ZEMLIA I VOLIA): 1870s  “TO THE PEOPLE”: NARODNIKI movement  “CRAZY SUMMER” of 1874  But movement was failure

6. THE REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT POPULISM  Increasing radicalization  Advocacy of violence/terrorism  SERGEI NECHAEV: father of political terrorism  VERA ZASULICH: shot governeor general of St. Pete  Land and Freedom splits, 1878  BLACK REPARTITION  PEOPLE’S WILL (NARODNAIA VOLIA) SERGEI NECHAEV VERA ZASULICH

7. THE REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT PEOPLE’S WILL  Goal = assassinate high ranking officials of govt.  Main target = Alexander II  Many women involved, even in leadership positions  SOFIA PEROVSKAIA  VERA FIGNER  Numerous failed attempts to kill tsar  Finally successful on March 1, 1881 VERA FIGNERSOFIA PEROVSKAIA