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BRFSS Maps: Visualizing Oral Health Surveillance Data James B. Holt, M.P.A., Ph.D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Pittsburgh, PA May 4, 2005
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Outline of Presentation Basic concepts: data tables vs. maps Basic concepts: data tables vs. maps Purpose and functionality of BRFSS Maps Purpose and functionality of BRFSS Maps Future enhancements to BRFSS Maps Future enhancements to BRFSS Maps Summary Summary
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Data Tables vs. Maps Different ways of looking at the data Different ways of looking at the data Specific values (tables) or spatial patterns in the data (maps)? Specific values (tables) or spatial patterns in the data (maps)? In other words: “detail” vs. “simplification”In other words: “detail” vs. “simplification” Data for analysis (tables) or data for visualization (maps)? Data for analysis (tables) or data for visualization (maps)? Access to ancillary information (tables)? Access to ancillary information (tables)? Confidence intervalsConfidence intervals Cell sizesCell sizes Comparison of two or more variables Comparison of two or more variables
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What to Use: Data Table or Map?
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Multivariate Relationships: Tables
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Multivariate Relationships: Map Comparison
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Multivariate Relationships: Multivariate Map
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Maps: Static vs. Interactive Static = one-of-a kind snapshot Static = one-of-a kind snapshot If data are updated - map is outdatedIf data are updated - map is outdated Okay if you anticipate a one-time needOkay if you anticipate a one-time need Can be produced in a graphics package or a geographic information system (GIS)Can be produced in a graphics package or a geographic information system (GIS) Interactive = dynamic Interactive = dynamic If data are updated – map automatically updatesIf data are updated – map automatically updates Good for one-time needs as well as periodic updatesGood for one-time needs as well as periodic updates Can be produced via a GIS, with internet-enabled interactivity, controlled by end-userCan be produced via a GIS, with internet-enabled interactivity, controlled by end-user
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BRFSS Maps Interactive Interactive GIS-enabled GIS-enabled Internet-based mapping application Internet-based mapping application Visual depiction of BRFSS data Visual depiction of BRFSS data StatesStates Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas (MMSA)Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas (MMSA)
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Purposes Visualization and exploratory spatial data analysis Visualization and exploratory spatial data analysis Highlight regional patterns and interstate variationsHighlight regional patterns and interstate variations Prompt interesting research questionsPrompt interesting research questions BRFSS data in a GIS-friendly format BRFSS data in a GIS-friendly format Encourage the use of geographically- referenced risk factor data Encourage the use of geographically- referenced risk factor data
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Functionality View state and MMSA data together or separately View state and MMSA data together or separately User selectable class breaks User selectable class breaks Zoom, pan, and prevalence rate retrieval Zoom, pan, and prevalence rate retrieval User selectable labeling User selectable labeling Image downloading Image downloading GIS data downloading GIS data downloading Access to mapping guidance Access to mapping guidance
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BRFSS Maps Development Timeline Conceptual development: July 2003 Conceptual development: July 2003 Technical planning & layout: October 2003 Technical planning & layout: October 2003 User feedback: February 2004 User feedback: February 2004 Version 1.0: August 2004 Version 1.0: August 2004 Enhancement planning: continuous Enhancement planning: continuous Version 1.1: January 2005 Version 1.1: January 2005 Version 2.0: June 2005, expected Version 2.0: June 2005, expected
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Initial Map Screen
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Prevalence Data
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User Control over Mapping Options Natural breaks Natural breaks Quantiles Quantiles Equal intervals Equal intervals Standard deviations Standard deviations
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Mapping by Standard Deviations
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Mapping by Quintiles
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Zooming and Panning
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Saved Graphic Image
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Download GIS Data
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New Developments Since Initial Release Improved internet response time in Version 1.1 Improved internet response time in Version 1.1 Adapted for rapid response to emerging public health issues (e.g., influenza vaccination surveillance, 2004-05) Adapted for rapid response to emerging public health issues (e.g., influenza vaccination surveillance, 2004-05)
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System Components Web server Web server IIS (Microsoft web server software)IIS (Microsoft web server software) ASP.Net (webpage development software)ASP.Net (webpage development software) Database server Database server SQL Server 2000SQL Server 2000 NCCDPHP data repository NCCDPHP data repository GIS server GIS server ArcIMSArcIMS Internet GIS development Internet GIS development map generation map generation
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Web Server Get the data… Send map request GIS Server I want to see a map! Web Browser HTTP requestRetrieve dataset ArcIMS generates map image image streamed back Data being mapped are passed to GIS service image streamed back Database Server System Architecture
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GIS Web Service Mapping capability easily integrated into existing Web sites Mapping capability easily integrated into existing Web sites Increased data security Increased data security GIS service does not require database accessGIS service does not require database access Mapped data sent with each map request Mapped data sent with each map request Sensitive datasets are not exposed Sensitive datasets are not exposed Performance enhancement Performance enhancement Very fast response timeVery fast response time No lengthy browser downloadsNo lengthy browser downloads
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BRFSS Maps Future Enhancements Version 2.0 Version 2.0 New user interfaceNew user interface Redesigned map frameRedesigned map frame New visualization toolsNew visualization tools Versions 3.0 and 4.0 Versions 3.0 and 4.0 Visualization of multivariate relationshipsVisualization of multivariate relationships Visualization of county-level dataVisualization of county-level data
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New User Interface and Map Frame
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New Visualization Tools Natural breaks Natural breaks Quantiles Quantiles Equal intervals Equal intervals Standard deviations Standard deviations Manual breaks Manual breaks
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Visualization of Multivariate Relationships Many options… Many options… Map-to-map comparison Map-to-map comparison Bivariate map (e.g., Census map) Bivariate map (e.g., Census map) Proportional symbol over choropleth Proportional symbol over choropleth Stacked bars over choropleth Stacked bars over choropleth Conditioned choropleth Conditioned choropleth Would require cognitive testing and technical feasibility study Would require cognitive testing and technical feasibility study
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Multivariate Relationships: Multivariate Map
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Mapping County-level BRFSS Data Data availability (sample size) Data availability (sample size) Statistical noise Statistical noise Spatial smoothing & small area ests. Spatial smoothing & small area ests. Purpose and limitations of maps of spatially smoothed sample data Purpose and limitations of maps of spatially smoothed sample data Pattern recognitionPattern recognition Rate retrievalRate retrieval
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Raw Data Counties > 50 interviews *
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Raw Data All Counties
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Spatially-Smoothed All Counties
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Isopleth Map Spatially-Smoothed
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Cognitive Issues Rate retrieval and recall Rate retrieval and recall Pattern recognition and recall Pattern recognition and recall Map comparison Map comparison Visual dominance Visual dominance User preferences User preferences
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Technical Issues Data-related Data-related Cartography-related Cartography-related Internet-related Internet-related
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Summary BRFSS Maps enables visualization of oral health and other public health surveillance data BRFSS Maps enables visualization of oral health and other public health surveillance data Development emphasized usability and utility Development emphasized usability and utility Future developments will focus on visualizing multivariate relationships, county-level mapping and additional functionality Future developments will focus on visualizing multivariate relationships, county-level mapping and additional functionality Innovation in mapping…not merely an “out-of-the-box” application Innovation in mapping…not merely an “out-of-the-box” application
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Questions or Comments? Jim Holt Jim Holt jgh4@cdc.govjgh4@cdc.gov 770-488-5510770-488-5510 BRFSS Maps BRFSS Maps http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/gisbrfss/http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/gisbrfss/
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Visualization of County Level Data Planned for BRFSS Maps version 3.0 or 4.0 Planned for BRFSS Maps version 3.0 or 4.0 Many technical and cognitive issues Many technical and cognitive issues
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