1. TK 2123 COMPUTER ORGANISATION & ARCHITECTURE
Lecture 3: Computer Evolution

2. Contents This lecture will discuss: A Brief History of the Computer.
Moore’s Law
Prepared by: Dr Masri Ayob - TK2123

3. A Brief History of the Computer
It is not possible, nor particularly useful, to identify the date of the “invention” of the computer.
Indeed it has always been the aspiration of humankind to create devices that would simplify people’s work.
E.g. one could consider the abacus, already in use as early as 500 B.C. by the ancient Greeks and Romans, to be an early predecessor of the computer.
Prepared by: Dr Masri Ayob - TK2123

4. Mechanical Computers (1642 – 1945)
Charles Babbage, an English mathematician who lived in the early 1800s, build a mechanical calculating machine that he called an “analytical engine.”
The analytical engine (Babbage’s machine) resembles the modern computer in many conceptual ways.
Prepared by: Dr Masri Ayob - TK2123

5. Babbage’s machine Babbage’s machine:
use punched cards for input data and for the program;
provided memory for internal storage;
performed calculations as specified by the program using a central processing unit known as a “mill,” and printed output.
The sequence of operation was specified by instructions on the operation cards.
The operation cards could be advanced or reversed as a means of implementing a sort of “goto” instruction.
The second set of cards, known as variable cards, were to be used to specify particular memory locations for the data involved in the calculations.
Prepared by: Dr Masri Ayob - TK2123

6. Figure Block diagram of Babbage’s analytical engine Source: From Computer Architecture and Organization 2e, J. Hayes, copyright © 1988, by McGraw-Hill Companies, pg. 14 Reprinted by permission.
Prepared by: Dr Masri Ayob - TK2123

7. Babbage’s machine
Although the analytical engine was never completed, it should be apparent to you that it contains all the essential elements of today’s computers.
Prepared by: Dr Masri Ayob - TK2123

8. Boolean Logic
At approximately the same time, George Boole (English mathematician), developed the binary theory of logic- Boolean logic.
He also recognized the relationship between binary arithmetic and Boolean logic that makes possible the circuitry that implements the modern electronic computer.
Prepared by: Dr Masri Ayob - TK2123

9. ENIAC background
Much of the effort that culminated in a successful general-purpose computer architecture resulted from a wartime need for the solution to difficult mathematical formulas related to ballistic missile trajectories and other World War II research.
Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer (ENIAC) is generally considered to be the first all-electronic digital computer
Prepared by: Dr Masri Ayob - TK2123

10. ENIAC - background Eckert and Mauchly University of Pennsylvania
Trajectory tables for weapons
Started 1943
Finished 1946
Too late for war effort
Used until 1955
Prepared by: Dr Masri Ayob - TK2123

11. ENIAC - details Decimal (not binary) 20 accumulators of 10 digits
Programmed manually by switches
18,000 vacuum tubes
30 tons
15,000 square feet
140 kW power consumption
5,000 additions per second
Prepared by: Dr Masri Ayob - TK2123

12. von Neumann
In 1945, John von Neumann, a consultant on the ENIAC project, proposed a computer that included a number of significant improvements over the ENIAC design.
Stored Program concept.
Prepared by: Dr Masri Ayob - TK2123

13. von Neumann Main memory storing programs and data
ALU operating on binary data
Control unit interpreting instructions from memory and executing
Input and output equipment operated by control unit.
Two different version of von Neumann’s architecture were designed and built:
IAS at the Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies.
EDVAC at the University of Pennsylvania.
Completed 1952.
Prepared by: Dr Masri Ayob - TK2123

14. The original Von Neumann machine.
Prepared by: Dr Masri Ayob - TK2123

15. IAS - details 1000 x 40 bit words Set of registers (storage in CPU)
Binary number
2 x 20 bit instructions
Set of registers (storage in CPU)
Memory Buffer Register
Memory Address Register
Instruction Register
Instruction Buffer Register
Program Counter
Accumulator
Multiplier Quotient
Prepared by: Dr Masri Ayob - TK2123

16. Structure of IAS – detail
Prepared by: Dr Masri Ayob - TK2123

17. Transistors Replaced vacuum tubes Smaller Cheaper
Less heat dissipation
Solid State device
Made from Silicon (Sand)
Invented 1947 at Bell Labs
William Shockley et al.
Prepared by: Dr Masri Ayob - TK2123

18. Transistor Based Computers
Second generation machines
NCR & RCA produced small transistor machines
IBM 7000
DEC
Produced PDP-1
Prepared by: Dr Masri Ayob - TK2123

19. Microelectronics Literally - “small electronics”
A computer is made up of gates, memory cells and interconnections
These can be manufactured on a semiconductor
e.g. silicon wafer
Prepared by: Dr Masri Ayob - TK2123

20. Generations of Computer
Zeroth Generation :Mechanical Computers (1642 – 1945).
Vacuum tube:
Transistor:
Small scale integration: 1965 on
Up to 100 devices on a chip
Medium scale integration:- to 1971
100-3,000 devices on a chip
Large scale integration:
3, ,000 devices on a chip
Very large scale integration:
100, ,000,000 devices on a chip
Ultra large scale integration:
Over 100,000,000 devices on a chip
Prepared by: Dr Masri Ayob - TK2123

21. Moore’s Law Increased density of components on chip
Gordon Moore – co-founder of Intel
Number of transistors on a chip will double every year
Since 1970’s development has slowed a little
Number of transistors doubles every 18 months
Cost of a chip has remained almost unchanged
Higher packing density means shorter electrical paths, giving higher performance
Smaller size gives increased flexibility
Reduced power and cooling requirements
Fewer interconnections increases reliability
Prepared by: Dr Masri Ayob - TK2123

22. Growth in CPU Transistor Count
Prepared by: Dr Masri Ayob - TK2123

23. IBM 360 series 1964 Replaced (& not compatible with) 7000 series
First planned “family” of computers
Similar or identical instruction sets
Similar or identical O/S
Increasing speed
Increasing number of I/O ports (i.e. more terminals)
Increased memory size
Increased cost
Multiplexed switch structure
Prepared by: Dr Masri Ayob - TK2123

24. DEC PDP-8 1964 First minicomputer Did not need air conditioned room
Small enough to sit on a lab bench
$16,000
$100k+ for IBM 360
Embedded applications
BUS STRUCTURE
Prepared by: Dr Masri Ayob - TK2123

25. Intel
1971: 4004
First microprocessor
All CPU components on a single chip
4 bit
Followed in 1972 by 8008
8 bit
Both designed for specific applications
1974: 8080
Intel’s first general purpose microprocessor
Prepared by: Dr Masri Ayob - TK2123

26. Thank you Q & A
Prepared by: Dr Masri Ayob - TK2123